Grasp Patterns and Movements
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Questions and Answers

What type of grips involve the use of the entire hand?

Power Grips

What type of movements involve pushing or lifting an object with the fingers or the entire hand?

Nonprehensile movements

What type of movements are used to grasp an object?

Prehensile movements

What type of grasp involves the entire palmar surface of the hand grasping around a cylindrical-shaped object?

<p>Cylindrical Grasp</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of grasp involves significant wrist extension, finger abduction, and flexion of MCP and IP joints along with stability of the longitudinal arch?

<p>Spherical Grasp</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of grasp involves graded finger abduction according to the size of the object along with hyperextension of the MCP joints and flexion of the IP joints?

<p>Disk Grasp</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of grasp involves gripping like a hook formed by flexed fingers without thumb involvement?

<p>Hook Grasp</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of grasp involves opposition of the thumb simultaneously to index and middle fingers?

<p>Three-Jaw Chuck Grasp</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of grasp involves opposition of the thumb tip and the tip of the index finger?

<p>Tip Pinch</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of grasp involves opposition of the thumb to the index finger and allows control of objects with radial finger pads while controlling thumb opposition?

<p>Pincer Grasp</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of grasp involves using power on or with a small object and involves controlling the index finger while adducting and flexing the thumb?

<p>Lateral Pinch</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the palmar grasp (reflex) develop?

<p>10 weeks gestation to 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the radial palmar grasp develop?

<p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do grasp patterns with active thumb use develop?

<p>6 to 9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does crude raking develop?

<p>7 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the radial digital grasp develop?

<p>8 to 9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does thumb/finger pad refinement develop?

<p>9 to 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does increased control of intrinsic muscles develop?

<p>12 to 15 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do disk, cylindrical, and spherical grasps develop?

<p>18 months to 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do power grasps develop?

<p>3 to 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intentional letting go of a handheld object at a specific time and place?

<p>Voluntary Release</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a child initially stabilize on a surface to release?

<p>6 to 7 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the release pattern refined and the child learns to modulate force?

<p>1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is grasping an object with the pads of the fingers and thumb and moving it into the palm?

<p>Finger-to-palm translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reverse of finger-to-palm translation?

<p>Palm-to-finger translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does finger-to-palm translation develop?

<p>12 to 15 months of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does palm-to-finger translation develop?

<p>2 to 2.5 years with simple rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What involves linear movement of the object on the finger surface to allow for repositioning of the object on the pads of the fingers?

<p>Shifting</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is shifting inconsistently used?

<p>3 to 3.5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What involves turning or rolling an object held at the finger pads approximately 90 degrees or less?

<p>Simple rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What involves the rotation of an object 180 to 360 degrees once or repetitively?

<p>Complex rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child hold or carry a large ball with two hands?

<p>6 to 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child stabilize paper during coloring or writing?

<p>3 to 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child hold paper during scissors use?

<p>3 to 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child manipulate paper during scissor use?

<p>6+ years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child scribble with a marker?

<p>6 to 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child copy appropriate forms?

<p>1 to 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use scissors to cut lines?

<p>3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use scissors to cut simple shapes?

<p>4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use scissors to cut complex shapes?

<p>6+ years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child move both arms in full range of motion and reach to midline, extending the elbow?

<p>6 to 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child reach across midline?

<p>1 to 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use a full palmar grasp?

<p>6 to 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use a radial-digital grasp?

<p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use a standard pincer grasp?

<p>10 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use spherical and intrinsic plus grasp?

<p>1 to 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use power grasp on tools?

<p>3 to 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child release objects freely?

<p>6 to 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child release 1-inch objects into a container, stack 1-inch blocks, and release tiny objects into a small hole?

<p>1-2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child stack 1-inch blocks and throw a small ball at least 3 feet?

<p>3 to 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child stack 1-inch blocks?

<p>6+ years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child manipulate objects between two hands?

<p>6 to 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use finger-to-palm translation on small objects?

<p>1 to 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use palm-to-finger translation?

<p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child unscrew a bottle top?

<p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child use shift to separate magazine pages or cards and roll a piece of clay into a ball?

<p>3 to 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child pick up a marker or crayon using rotation?

<p>4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child shift on a marker or pencil?

<p>5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can a child rotate a pencil to use the eraser and back?

<p>6+ years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Grasp Patterns

  • Power grips involve the use of the entire hand, with the thumb held flexed or abducted to the other fingers, and are used when strength is needed.
  • Examples of power grips include spherical, cylindrical, and disk grasps.

Types of Grasps

  • Cylindrical grasp: entire palmar surface of the hand grasping around a cylindrical-shaped object, involving finger flexors, intrinsic muscles, and thumb flexors and abductors.
  • Spherical grasp: significant wrist extension, finger abduction, and flexion of MCP and IP joints along with stability of the longitudinal arch.
  • Disk grasp: graded finger abduction according to the size of the object, along with hyperextension of the MCP joints and flexion of the IP joints.
  • Hook grasp: gripping like a hook formed by flexed fingers without thumb involvement, generally static for a period of time.
  • Three-jaw chuck grasp: opposition of the thumb simultaneously to index and middle fingers.
  • Tip pinch: opposition of the thumb tip and the tip of the index finger, used to obtain very small objects, with dissociation of the two sides of the hand.
  • Pincer grasp: opposition of the thumb to the index finger, allowing control of objects with radial finger pads while controlling thumb opposition.
  • Lateral pinch: used to exert power on or with a small object, involving controlling the index finger while adducting and flexing the thumb.

Developmental Milestones for Grasp Patterns

  • 10 weeks gestation to 6 months: palmar grasp (reflex)
  • 6 months: radial palmar grasp
  • 6 to 9 months: grasp patterns with active thumb use
  • 7 months: crude raking
  • 8 to 9 months: radial digital grasp
  • 9 to 12 months: thumb/finger pad refinement
  • 12 to 15 months: increased control of intrinsic muscles
  • 18 months to 3 years: disk, cylindrical, and spherical grasp
  • 3 to 5 years: power grasps

Voluntary Release

  • Voluntary release: intentional letting go of a handheld object at a specific time and place
  • 6 to 7 months: child initially stabilizes on surface
  • 1 year: release pattern is refined, child learns to modulate force and demonstrate stacking

Finger-to-Palm and Palm-to-Finger Translation

  • Finger-to-palm translation: grasping the object with the pads of the fingers and thumb and moving it into the palm
  • Palm-to-finger translation: reverse of finger-to-palm translation, requires isolated control of the thumb and use of a pattern beginning with finger flexion and moving towards extension
  • Finger-to-palm translation develops by 12 to 15 months of age
  • Palm-to-finger translation develops by 2 to 2.5 years with simple rotation

Shifting, Rotation, and Bilateral Hand Skills

  • Shifting: involves linear movement of the object of the finger surface to allow for repositioning of the object, used for separating two pieces of paper, buttoning, etc.
  • Shifting is inconsistently used by 3 to 3.5 years
  • Simple rotation: involves turning or rolling an object held at the finger pads approximately 90 degrees or less
  • Complex rotation: involves the rotation of an object 180 to 360 degrees once or repetitively
  • Bilateral hand skills:
    • 6 to 12 months: holds or carries large ball with two hands
    • 3 to 5 years: stabilizes paper during coloring or writing, holds paper during scissor use
    • 6+ years: manipulates paper during scissor use

Tool Use and Reach

  • Tool use:
    • 6 to 12 months: scribbles with marker
    • 1 to 2 years: copies appropriate forms
    • 3 years: uses scissors to cut lines
    • 4 years: uses scissors to cut simple shapes
    • 6+ years: uses scissors to cut complex shapes
  • Reach:
    • 6 to 12 months: moves both arms in full range of motion, reaches to midline, extends elbow
    • 1 to 2 years: reaches across midline

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Learn about power grips, prehensile and nonprehensile movements. Understand types of grasps and their uses.

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