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Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of postmodernism?
What is a key characteristic of postmodernism?
Fredric Jameson is primarily associated with postmodernism and Marxist theory.
Fredric Jameson is primarily associated with postmodernism and Marxist theory.
True
What does the term 'Nostalgia Mode' refer to in postmodern culture?
What does the term 'Nostalgia Mode' refer to in postmodern culture?
Nostalgia as a commodity for consumption.
In postmodern culture, language and expression often lose __________.
In postmodern culture, language and expression often lose __________.
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Match the following postmodern concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following postmodern concepts with their descriptions:
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What does the term 'Pharmakon' refer to in the context of technology?
What does the term 'Pharmakon' refer to in the context of technology?
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Cultural transmission is crucial in the transmission of knowledge and culture across generations.
Cultural transmission is crucial in the transmission of knowledge and culture across generations.
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What are the two key roles of the skeleton mentioned?
What are the two key roles of the skeleton mentioned?
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Technology functions as an external ______ system.
Technology functions as an external ______ system.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Which of the following best describes technical consciousness?
Which of the following best describes technical consciousness?
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The cortex and flint symbolize the independent development of human biology and technology.
The cortex and flint symbolize the independent development of human biology and technology.
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What are the three levels of human intelligence mentioned?
What are the three levels of human intelligence mentioned?
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Which of the following was NOT a factor associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie in the public sphere?
Which of the following was NOT a factor associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie in the public sphere?
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The rise of the social welfare state led to an expansion of the public sphere and increased democratic engagement.
The rise of the social welfare state led to an expansion of the public sphere and increased democratic engagement.
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What was the primary function of the liberal model of the public sphere?
What was the primary function of the liberal model of the public sphere?
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The press transitioned from being a medium of __________ to a medium of commerce.
The press transitioned from being a medium of __________ to a medium of commerce.
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Which of the following best describes 'publicity' in the context of the public sphere?
Which of the following best describes 'publicity' in the context of the public sphere?
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The rise of the bourgeoisie had no effect on the public sphere's structure.
The rise of the bourgeoisie had no effect on the public sphere's structure.
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Identify one limitation of the public sphere in mass democracy.
Identify one limitation of the public sphere in mass democracy.
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Which of the following describes the concept of hyperreality?
Which of the following describes the concept of hyperreality?
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Postmodernism emphasizes strict adherence to traditional styles and conventions.
Postmodernism emphasizes strict adherence to traditional styles and conventions.
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What does the term 'social cartography' refer to in a postmodern context?
What does the term 'social cartography' refer to in a postmodern context?
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The act of creating a copy that imitates the original but lacks its authenticity is referred to as _____
The act of creating a copy that imitates the original but lacks its authenticity is referred to as _____
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Which of the following has significantly influenced consumer behavior among Millennials?
Which of the following has significantly influenced consumer behavior among Millennials?
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The Disneyland model exemplifies the clear boundaries between the original and its representation.
The Disneyland model exemplifies the clear boundaries between the original and its representation.
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What is the main consequence of standardization in the culture industry?
What is the main consequence of standardization in the culture industry?
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Define the concept of 'The Hysterical Sublime' in postmodern thought.
Define the concept of 'The Hysterical Sublime' in postmodern thought.
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Technical reproduction of art enhances its aura.
Technical reproduction of art enhances its aura.
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What is the main argument regarding photography's impact on art?
What is the main argument regarding photography's impact on art?
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The term 'L'art pour l'art' translates to __________.
The term 'L'art pour l'art' translates to __________.
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Which of the following statements best describes the difference between performance on stage and performance on film?
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between performance on stage and performance on film?
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Film can be viewed only once by an audience.
Film can be viewed only once by an audience.
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What does 'the camera serves as a substitute for the audience' imply in the context of film?
What does 'the camera serves as a substitute for the audience' imply in the context of film?
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What do Marx and Engels argue about ideas in the context of the ruling class?
What do Marx and Engels argue about ideas in the context of the ruling class?
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Antonio Gramsci believed that subaltern classes must unite in order to form a state.
Antonio Gramsci believed that subaltern classes must unite in order to form a state.
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What does the term 'subaltern' refer to in Gramsci's analysis?
What does the term 'subaltern' refer to in Gramsci's analysis?
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The concept of ideology originally meant the 'Science of ______'.
The concept of ideology originally meant the 'Science of ______'.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the ways a social group's supremacy manifests, according to Gramsci?
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways a social group's supremacy manifests, according to Gramsci?
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Gramsci was a supporter of fascism and never criticized Mussolini.
Gramsci was a supporter of fascism and never criticized Mussolini.
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What is one potential error in assessing the value of ideologies?
What is one potential error in assessing the value of ideologies?
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Match the following concepts with their correct descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their correct descriptions:
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Study Notes
Ideology and Hegemony
- Ruling class controls society's material aspects and ideas
- Division of labor within the ruling class (thinkers, ideologists, those receiving ideas)
- Ideas aren't independent; they reflect ruling class interests and conditions.
Attempts at Proving Hegemony of the Spirit in History
- Separating ruling class ideas for empirical analysis
- Ordering rule of ideas, showing a mystical connection
- Changing self-determining concepts into personal (self-conscious) ones
Antonio Gramsci's History of the Subaltern Classes: The Concept of Ideology; Cultural Themes: Ideological Material
- Antonio Gramsci was an Italian Communist leader and critic of Mussolini.
- He rejected sensationalism in history.
- Historical unity of ruling class: relationship between state and civil society
- Subaltern history: low-rank people/groups
- Supremacy of a social group's manifest in two ways: domination and intellectual/moral leadership
- Concept of ideology: originally science of ideas, then analysis of ideas and investigation of idea's origins.
- Ideology as a system of ideas.
The Potential Error in Assessing the Value of Ideologies
- Identifying ideology as separate from structure
- Treating a political solution as useless because it's ideological
Two Types of Ideologies
- Historically organic ideologies: needed for a given structure
- Arbitrary ideologies: willed, rationalistic, arbitrary
Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs)
- Institutions (schools, media, religious organizations) shape beliefs, values, and identity
- Ideology is more than beliefs; it includes material practices
- Repressive State Apparatus (RSAs): How state controls people through violence/repression.
The Culture Industry and Art and Mechanical Reproduction
- Culture industry as a system of mass production & consumption (film, music) to strengthen capitalism.
- Cultural forms used as instruments for oppression; shifts focus to artificial needs
- Culture industry's characteristics: mass production, commercialization, standardization, ideological control
- Reproduction: technology's impact on art's accessibility and value.
Debate and the Rise of Films
- Two types of performance: Stage and Film
- Film: Audience becomes critical
- Different technicalities in art creation: Painter, Cameraman.
- Film: (Pirandello's “Si Gira”)
- Audience reactions: repeated viewing; direct acceptance
- Production apparatus: camera's role in showcasing environment.
- Dadaism: art that breaks standardization
The Difference of the Human
- Humans and technology are independent
- Technology as an extension of humanity (exteriorization)
- Epiphylogenesis (second memory): cultural and technological memory.
- Tools as extensions of life-preserving human achievements.
- Everything begins with feet (Leroi Gourhan), reconsideration of how tools and technologies shape history and identity
- Rousseau's natural human is challenged. Humans are a continuation of zoological processes (shaped by technology & sociocultural dynamics).
- Advance and delay: Human evolution (rupture and adaptations driven by tension and uncertainty)
- Role of the skeleton: upright posture, enhanced brain development
- Role of equipment: tools as extensions, technological advancements, cognitive and cultural development
- Implications: co-evolution, technological determinism, human-technology symbiosis.
Technical Consciousness and Anticipation
- Technology shapes cognition, perception, and understanding of the world
- Technology is an extension of humans, anticipating the future.
- Role of external memory system in technology
- Technology can be both poison and cure (Pharmakon)
- Mutual influence of human brain, tools, and technology
- Outside perspective (Exteriorization) of human capacities
- Extension of humans' physical and cognitive abilities and transmission of knowledge across generations
- Risk of alienation and dependence on technology.
- Role of symbols and language in shaping human thought, behavior
The Language of the Almost Human
- Language, symbolism, brain development in Homo Fabers
- Early hominid language usage
- Flexible symbols
Propaganda Model
- Edward Herman, Noam Chomsky critiques of U.S. foreign policy and media systems.
- Size, ownership, and profit orientation of the mass media (dominating firms controlled by wealthy people)
- Advertising and business incentives
- Flaks and Enforcers: government responses to media statements.
Five Filters of Propaganda Model
- Media concerns: size, ownership, profit, sourcing news, flak, anti-communism.
Platform Imperialism
- Media landscapes control by Western nations impacting local producers.
Media Effects Theories (White)
- Agenda-setting; uses and gratifications; symbolic interactionism; spiral of silence; cultivation analysis. (Media content influence)
Media Literacy
- Accessing and using communication media analysis, evaluation & creation.
Two Systems of Representation
- Conceptual (concepts, images) and language representations (signs, sounds, images) to communicate and share mental representations.
Technology and Culture (McLuhan)
- Prophet of the information age; analyzes media impact and global village.
- The medium is the message.
Panopticism and Project Torogoz
- Power, control, institutions, and systems.
- Panopticism: Surveillance and control
- Surveillance (Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon)
- Project Torogoz: massive hacking of media & civil society, Pegasus spyware in El Salvador..
The Public Sphere
- Jürgen Habermas's ideas about public sphere.
- The public realm of social life where public opinion is formed, allowing private individuals to form a public body.
- State authority as public authority
- Habermas: Mass Media can affect how public discourse occurs and lead to refeudalization.
- Enlightenment: Ability to critically think, utilize and make decisions
- Timeline of public sphere throughout history.
- Liberal model of public sphere, bourgeoisie’s principles of supervision, early constitutions and rights.
- Political journalism’s transformation and its conviction to commercialism.
- Public sphere limitations due to expansion, fragmentation, role of the state.
Postmodernism
- Pop culture dominates modern aesthetics and expression.
- Deconstruction of expression, weakening of affect, and the fading of 'real' history.
- Nostalgia as a commodity (selling the past)
- Breakdown of the signifying chain (disconnections between words, images, and meanings).
- The 'hysterical sublime' (excess masks meaning)
Postmodernism: Effects on Millennials
- Beliefs, feelings, logic, interpretation, and personal truth.
- Meme factories and attention economy.
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Description
Explore the concepts of ideology and hegemony as discussed by Antonio Gramsci. This quiz delves into the ruling class's influence on society, the division of labor among ideologists, and the historical context of subaltern classes. Test your understanding of how ideas reflect the interests of the ruling class.
