Грамматика: Части речи

Grammar

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
  • Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London, Google)
  • Common nouns: general terms for people, places, and things (e.g. dog, city, company)
  • Collective nouns: groups of people, places, and things (e.g. family, team, flock)
• Verbs: words that express action or a state of being
  • Action verbs: express physical or mental action (e.g. run, think, read)
  • Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
  • Helping verbs: used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
• Adjectives: words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
  • Quantitative adjectives: describe quantity (e.g. five, ten, hundred)
  • Qualitative adjectives: describe quality (e.g. happy, tall, blue)
• Adverbs: words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Manner adverbs: describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
  • Time adverbs: describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, tomorrow, now)
  • Place adverbs: describe where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
• Pronouns: words that replace nouns in a sentence
  • Personal pronouns: replace nouns that refer to people or animals (e.g. I, you, he, she)
  • Possessive pronouns: show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his, her)
  • Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g. myself, yourself, himself)

Sentence Structure

• Clauses: groups of words that contain a subject and a predicate
  • Independent clauses: complete sentences with a subject and a predicate
  • Dependent clauses: cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
• Phrases: groups of words that function as a unit in a sentence
  • Noun phrases: function as a noun in a sentence
  • Verb phrases: function as a verb in a sentence
  • Adjective phrases: function as an adjective in a sentence
  • Adverb phrases: function as an adverb in a sentence

Tense and Aspect

• Present tense: used to describe an action that is happening now
• Past tense: used to describe an action that happened in the past
• Future tense: used to describe an action that will happen in the future
• Aspect: used to describe the duration or completion of an action
  • Simple aspect: used to describe an action that is not ongoing
  • Progressive aspect: used to describe an action that is ongoing
  • Perfect aspect: used to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present
  • Perfect continuous aspect: used to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present

Modality

• Modal verbs: used to express degrees of possibility, necessity, and obligation
  • Can: used to express ability or possibility
  • Could: used to express ability or possibility in the past
  • May: used to express permission or possibility
  • Might: used to express possibility or uncertainty
  • Shall: used to express future action or obligation
  • Should: used to express obligation or advisability
  • Will: used to express future action or intention
  • Would: used to express past habitual action or condition

Tilning Tuzilishi (Grammar)

So'z Turlari (Parts of Speech)

• Ism (Nouns): odamlar, joylar, narsalar, g'oyalar haqida so'zlashuvchi so'zlar
  • Proper ism (Proper Nouns): maxsus odamlar, joylar, narsalarning nomlari (masalan, John, London, Google)
  • Umumiy ism (Common Nouns): odamlar, joylar, narsalarga umumiy nomlar (masalan, it, shahar, kompaniya)
  • Jamoa ism (Collective Nouns): odamlar, joylar, narsalarning guruh nomlari (masalan, oila, jamoa, qo'yin)
• Feliyat (Verbs): harakat yoki holatni ifodalovchi so'zlar
  • Harakat feliyatlari (Action Verbs): jismoniy yoki ruhiy harakatni ifodalovchi so'zlar (masalan, yugur-, o'ylay-, o'qiy-)
  • Bog'lovchi feliyatlari (Linking Verbs): mavzu bilan qo'shimcha ma'lumotlarni bog'laydigan so'zlar (masalan, bo'l-, ko'rinish-, paydo bo'l-)
  • Yordamchi feliyatlari (Helping Verbs): boshqa feliyatlarning vaqt, holat, yoki ovozini shakllantirishga yordam beruvchi so'zlar (masalan, bo'l-, qil-, kut-)
• Sifat (Adjectives): ism yoki olmonlarni tavsiflaydigan so'zlar
  • Soni sifat (Quantitative Adjectives): miqdorning tavsiflovchi so'zlar (masalan, besh, o'n, yuz)
  • Sifat sifat (Qualitative Adjectives): sifatning tavsiflovchi so'zlar (masalan, baxtli, baland, ko'k)
• ** Olmon** (Adverbs): feliyat, sifat yoki boshqa olmonlarni tavsiflaydigan so'zlar
  • Usullar olmon (Manner Adverbs): qanday qilib amalga oshirilganligini tavsiflovchi so'zlar (masalan, tez-, baland-, aqlli-)
  • Vaqt olmon (Time Adverbs): qachon amalga oshirilganligini tavsiflovchi so'zlar (masalan, kuni, ertaga, hozir)
  • Joy olmon (Place Adverbs): qayerda amalga oshirilganligini tavsiflovchi so'zlar (masalan, bu yerda, u yerda, hamma joyda)
• Olmon (Pronouns): ism o'rniga keladigan so'zlar
  • Shaxsiy olmon (Personal Pronouns): odamlar yoki hayvonlarning ismlari o'rniga keladigan so'zlar (masalan, men, siz, u)
  • Ega olmon (Possessive Pronouns): egalik yoki mulkchilikni bildiruvchi so'zlar (masalan, mening, sizning, uning)
  • Qaytariluvchi olmon (Reflexive Pronouns): jumladagi mavzu bilan bog'liq holda ishlatiladigan so'zlar (masalan, o'zim, sizning, o'zi)

Jumla Tuzilishi (Sentence Structure)

Muzokaralar (Clauses)

• Mustaqil muzokara (Independent Clauses): mavzu va predikatga ega jumla
• Qo'shimcha muzokara (Dependent Clauses): mustaqil jumla emas, lekin qo'shimcha ma'lumotlarni bildiruvchi so'zlar

Jumladagi Guruhlar (Phrases)

• Ism guruhi (Noun Phrases): jumladagi ismni almashtiruvchi so'zlar
• Feliyat guruhi (Verb Phrases): jumladagi feliyatni almashtiruvchi so'zlar
• Sifat guruhi (Adjective Phrases): jumladagi sifatni almashtiruvchi so'zlar
• Olmon guruhi (Adverb Phrases): jumladagi olmonni almashtiruvchi so'zlar

Vaqt va Holat (Tense and Aspect)

• Hozirgi vaqt (Present Tense): hozirgi vaqtning tavsiflovchi so'zlar
• O'tgan vaqt (Past Tense): o'tgan vaqtning tavsiflovchi so'zlar
• Kelajak vaqt (Future Tense): kelajak vaqtning tavsiflovchi so'zlar
• Holat (Aspect): vaqtning tavsiflovchi so'zlar
  • Oddiy holat (Simple Aspect): vaqtning oddiy tavsiflovchi so'zlar
  • Davomiy holat (Progressive Aspect): vaqtning davomiy tavsiflovchi so'zlar
  • Mukammal holat (Perfect Aspect): vaqtning mukammal tavsiflovchi so'zlar
  • Mukammal davomiy holat (Perfect Continuous Aspect): vaqtning mukammal davomiy tavsiflovchi so'zlar

Imkoniyat (Modality)

• Modal feliyatlari (Modal Verbs): imkoniyat, zarurat, yoki majburiyatni bildiruvchi so'zlar
  • Qobiliyat (Can): imkoniyat yoki qobiliyatni bildiruvchi so'zlar
  • Qobiliyat edi (Could): o'tgan vaqtning qobiliyatini bildiruvchi so'zlar
  • Ruxsat (May): ruxsat yoki imkoniyatni bildiruvchi so'zlar
  • Ehtimol (Might): ehtimol yoki shubhalarni bildiruvchi so'zlar
  • Bolalik (Shall): kelajak vaqtning majburiyatini bildiruvchi so'zlar
  • Bajarilishi kerak (Should): zarurat yoki maslahatni bildiruvchi so'zlar
  • Xohish (Will): kelajak vaqtning xohishini bildiruvchi so'zlar
  • O'tgan xulosa (Would): o'tgan vaqtning xulosani bildiruvchi so'zlar