Грамматика: Части речи

Grammar

Parts of Speech

Nouns: words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
- Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London, Google)
- Common nouns: general terms for people, places, and things (e.g. dog, city, company)
- Collective nouns: groups of people, places, and things (e.g. family, team, flock)
Verbs: words that express action or a state of being
- Action verbs: express physical or mental action (e.g. run, think, read)
- Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
- Helping verbs: used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
Adjectives: words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: describe quantity (e.g. five, ten, hundred)
- Qualitative adjectives: describe quality (e.g. happy, tall, blue)
Adverbs: words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
- Time adverbs: describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, tomorrow, now)
- Place adverbs: describe where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
Pronouns: words that replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: replace nouns that refer to people or animals (e.g. I, you, he, she)
- Possessive pronouns: show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his, her)
- Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g. myself, yourself, himself)

Sentence Structure

Clauses: groups of words that contain a subject and a predicate
- Independent clauses: complete sentences with a subject and a predicate
- Dependent clauses: cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
Phrases: groups of words that function as a unit in a sentence
- Noun phrases: function as a noun in a sentence
- Verb phrases: function as a verb in a sentence
- Adjective phrases: function as an adjective in a sentence
- Adverb phrases: function as an adverb in a sentence

Tense and Aspect

Present tense: used to describe an action that is happening now
Past tense: used to describe an action that happened in the past
Future tense: used to describe an action that will happen in the future
Aspect: used to describe the duration or completion of an action
- Simple aspect: used to describe an action that is not ongoing
- Progressive aspect: used to describe an action that is ongoing
- Perfect aspect: used to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present
- Perfect continuous aspect: used to describe an action that started in the past and continues up to the present

Modality

Modal verbs: used to express degrees of possibility, necessity, and obligation
- Can: used to express ability or possibility
- Could: used to express ability or possibility in the past
- May: used to express permission or possibility
- Might: used to express possibility or uncertainty
- Shall: used to express future action or obligation
- Should: used to express obligation or advisability
- Will: used to express future action or intention
- Would: used to express past habitual action or condition

Tilning Tuzilishi (Grammar)

So'z Turlari (Parts of Speech)

Ism (Nouns): odamlar, joylar, narsalar, g'oyalar haqida so'zlashuvchi so'zlar
- Proper ism (Proper Nouns): maxsus odamlar, joylar, narsalarning nomlari (masalan, John, London, Google)
- Umumiy ism (Common Nouns): odamlar, joylar, narsalarga umumiy nomlar (masalan, it, shahar, kompaniya)
- Jamoa ism (Collective Nouns): odamlar, joylar, narsalarning guruh nomlari (masalan, oila, jamoa, qo'yin)
Feliyat (Verbs): harakat yoki holatni ifodalovchi so'zlar
- Harakat feliyatlari (Action Verbs): jismoniy yoki ruhiy harakatni ifodalovchi so'zlar (masalan, yugur-, o'ylay-, o'qiy-)
- Bog'lovchi feliyatlari (Linking Verbs): mavzu bilan qo'shimcha ma'lumotlarni bog'laydigan so'zlar (masalan, bo'l-, ko'rinish-, paydo bo'l-)
- Yordamchi feliyatlari (Helping Verbs): boshqa feliyatlarning vaqt, holat, yoki ovozini shakllantirishga yordam beruvchi so'zlar (masalan, bo'l-, qil-, kut-)
Sifat (Adjectives): ism yoki olmonlarni tavsiflaydigan so'zlar
- Soni sifat (Quantitative Adjectives): miqdorning tavsiflovchi so'zlar (masalan, besh, o'n, yuz)
- Sifat sifat (Qualitative Adjectives): sifatning tavsiflovchi so'zlar (masalan, baxtli, baland, ko'k)
** Olmon** (Adverbs): feliyat, sifat yoki boshqa olmonlarni tavsiflaydigan so'zlar
- Usullar olmon (Manner Adverbs): qanday qilib amalga oshirilganligini tavsiflovchi so'zlar (masalan, tez-, baland-, aqlli-)
- Vaqt olmon (Time Adverbs): qachon amalga oshirilganligini tavsiflovchi so'zlar (masalan, kuni, ertaga, hozir)
- Joy olmon (Place Adverbs): qayerda amalga oshirilganligini tavsiflovchi so'zlar (masalan, bu yerda, u yerda, hamma joyda)
Olmon (Pronouns): ism o'rniga keladigan so'zlar
- Shaxsiy olmon (Personal Pronouns): odamlar yoki hayvonlarning ismlari o'rniga keladigan so'zlar (masalan, men, siz, u)
- Ega olmon (Possessive Pronouns): egalik yoki mulkchilikni bildiruvchi so'zlar (masalan, mening, sizning, uning)
- Qaytariluvchi olmon (Reflexive Pronouns): jumladagi mavzu bilan bog'liq holda ishlatiladigan so'zlar (masalan, o'zim, sizning, o'zi)

Jumla Tuzilishi (Sentence Structure)

Muzokaralar (Clauses)

Mustaqil muzokara (Independent Clauses): mavzu va predikatga ega jumla
Qo'shimcha muzokara (Dependent Clauses): mustaqil jumla emas, lekin qo'shimcha ma'lumotlarni bildiruvchi so'zlar

Jumladagi Guruhlar (Phrases)

Ism guruhi (Noun Phrases): jumladagi ismni almashtiruvchi so'zlar
Feliyat guruhi (Verb Phrases): jumladagi feliyatni almashtiruvchi so'zlar
Sifat guruhi (Adjective Phrases): jumladagi sifatni almashtiruvchi so'zlar
Olmon guruhi (Adverb Phrases): jumladagi olmonni almashtiruvchi so'zlar

Vaqt va Holat (Tense and Aspect)

Hozirgi vaqt (Present Tense): hozirgi vaqtning tavsiflovchi so'zlar
O'tgan vaqt (Past Tense): o'tgan vaqtning tavsiflovchi so'zlar
Kelajak vaqt (Future Tense): kelajak vaqtning tavsiflovchi so'zlar
Holat (Aspect): vaqtning tavsiflovchi so'zlar
- Oddiy holat (Simple Aspect): vaqtning oddiy tavsiflovchi so'zlar
- Davomiy holat (Progressive Aspect): vaqtning davomiy tavsiflovchi so'zlar
- Mukammal holat (Perfect Aspect): vaqtning mukammal tavsiflovchi so'zlar
- Mukammal davomiy holat (Perfect Continuous Aspect): vaqtning mukammal davomiy tavsiflovchi so'zlar

Imkoniyat (Modality)

Modal feliyatlari (Modal Verbs): imkoniyat, zarurat, yoki majburiyatni bildiruvchi so'zlar
- Qobiliyat (Can): imkoniyat yoki qobiliyatni bildiruvchi so'zlar
- Qobiliyat edi (Could): o'tgan vaqtning qobiliyatini bildiruvchi so'zlar
- Ruxsat (May): ruxsat yoki imkoniyatni bildiruvchi so'zlar
- Ehtimol (Might): ehtimol yoki shubhalarni bildiruvchi so'zlar
- Bolalik (Shall): kelajak vaqtning majburiyatini bildiruvchi so'zlar
- Bajarilishi kerak (Should): zarurat yoki maslahatni bildiruvchi so'zlar
- Xohish (Will): kelajak vaqtning xohishini bildiruvchi so'zlar
- O'tgan xulosa (Would): o'tgan vaqtning xulosani bildiruvchi so'zlar