KEY TERMS

Questions and Answers

What type of error occurs when a speaker uses an incorrect verb form, as in 'He go to the store'?

Word Order Mistake

Subject-Verb Agreement Error

Grammatical Rule Violation

Performance Category Error (correct)

Which of the following is an example of a word order mistake?

She is more taller than me.

He run every day.

He has gone to the store.

I will at 6 eat dinner. (correct)

What is the primary goal of error correction in language learning?

To administer strict penalties for incorrect grammar

To help students recognize and understand their errors (correct)

To promote self-expression regardless of mistakes

To highlight all of a student's mistakes

What type of error is indicated by 'The children plays in the park'?

Subject-Verb Agreement Error Signup and view all the answers

What is self-repair in the context of language errors?

When a speaker corrects their own mistake Signup and view all the answers

Which approach of error correction involves indicating a mistake without providing the correct answer?

Implicit Correction Signup and view all the answers

In the sentence 'I seen that movie', what type of error is present?

Incorrect Use of Tenses Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'other repair' in error correction?

When someone else corrects the speaker's mistake Signup and view all the answers

What does the Sentence-Machine Argument assert about grammar?

Grammar serves as a sentence-producing machine enabling creativity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of the Fine-Tuning Argument in grammar education?

It makes learners aware of language nuances and corrections. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Fossilization Argument view the role of grammar instruction in language learning?

It is essential for preventing linguistic stagnation. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Advance-Organizer Argument, what role does grammar play in language acquisition?

It acts as a foundational step for subsequent language learning. Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates the Fine-Tuning Argument?

Correcting a sentence from 'She is interesting in art' to 'She is interested in art.' Signup and view all the answers

What is a key concept of the Sentence-Machine Argument regarding linguistic creativity?

Understanding grammar enables limitless creativity in language construction. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does grammar instruction have according to the Advance-Organizer Argument?

It creates prerequisites for future language learning. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a misconception about grammar instruction based on the Fossilization Argument?

Language learning can progress without any grammar instruction. Signup and view all the answers

What is grammaticalization primarily concerned with?

The transformation of words into grammatical markers Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the transformation of a content word into a function word?

The word 'going' used as a future marker Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of breaking language into smaller units according to the discrete item argument?

It reduces the complexity of language learning. Signup and view all the answers

How does the rule-of-law argument support structured grammar teaching?

It provides a clear framework for understanding complex grammar. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the phonetic reduction of expressions during grammaticalization?

Phonological reduction Signup and view all the answers

Why are learner expectations significant in grammar instruction?

Meeting these expectations can motivate and engage students. Signup and view all the answers

What does the example 'gonna' demonstrate in the context of grammaticalization?

A contraction of a future marker Signup and view all the answers

How does the word 'because' illustrate phonetic erosion?

It is frequently contracted to 'coz' Signup and view all the answers

What specific example illustrates the discrete item argument?

Focusing on the usage of 'the' as a definite article. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential challenge of using the rule-of-law approach in grammar teaching?

It can create a rigid teaching environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which example shows the different grammatical functions of the word 'that'?

That (demonstrative) → That (complementizer) Signup and view all the answers

How can prior educational experiences influence learner expectations?

Students may expect the same informal methods they previously encountered. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of language does Croft (2006) emphasize regarding grammaticalization?

The dual nature as a linguistic process and a temporal study Signup and view all the answers

What role does motivation play in grammar instruction based on learner expectations?

It increases when students feel their needs are addressed. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the core idea behind grammaticalization?

Shifting from concrete meanings to abstract functions Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'grammaticalization' suggest in language learning?

The process of turning communicative language into formal grammar. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of reconstruction in language learning?

To create grammatically correct sentences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of reformulation?

'I very like soccer.' turned to 'I really like soccer.' Signup and view all the answers

What does constructive feedback aim to achieve?

Encourage a growth mindset without harsh criticism. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of feedback confirms a student’s correctness?

Positive feedback Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of indirect feedback?

Asking the student to repeat their answer. Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to feedback involves students assessing each other's work?

Peer feedback Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes metalinguistic feedback?

Engaging in a discussion about language rules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of providing feedback?

Peer-reviewed essays Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Sentence-Machine Argument

Grammar acts as a mechanism for producing countless sentences through limited rules.
Creativity and vocabulary depth dictate a learner's ability to generate new sentences.
Understanding grammar fosters linguistic creativity and diverse expression.

The Fine-Tuning Argument

Grammar instruction helps identify ambiguous or incorrect sentences.
Awareness of language nuances leads to clearer and more accurate communication.
Corrective measures provided during grammar lessons enhance learner precision in spoken and written language.

The Fossilization Argument

Mastery of grammar is essential for language learning; without it, progress stagnates.
Absence of grammar instruction can lead to permanent errors in language use.

The Advance-Organizer Argument

Formal grammar instruction has immediate and long-term effects on language acquisition.
Internalizing grammar rules facilitates noticing and understanding language structures during real-life usage.
An example includes recognizing past tense usages post grammar lessons.

The Discrete Item Argument

Language complexity can overwhelm learners; breaking it down into manageable units simplifies learning.
Focusing on specific grammar elements, such as articles, builds foundational understanding before advancing to more complex concepts.

The Rule-Of-Law Argument

Grammar provides a structured set of rules essential for organized teaching and learning.
A systematic approach benefits classroom order, consistent assessment, and progress tracking.

The Learner Expectations Argument

Students arrive with expectations shaped by prior learning experiences.
Addressing these expectations through structured grammar lessons increases motivation and engagement.
Combining grammar instruction with communicative activities enhances overall student satisfaction.

Grammaticalization

Grammaticalization, defined by Antoine Meillet, is the process of words evolving into grammatical markers.
It reflects a shift from content words (nouns/verbs) to function words (grammatical markers).

Reduction in Grammaticalization

Reduction, or phonetic erosion, occurs as expressions simplify over time.
Examples include "going to" being contracted to "gonna" in informal speech.

Error Types: Performance vs. Competence

Performance errors are often correctable by the speaker, such as in verb forms or word order.
Competence errors break grammatical rules, indicating incomplete understanding, e.g., subject-verb agreement mistakes.

Error Correction Strategies

Explicit Correction involves immediately providing the correct form after an error.
Implicit Correction suggests an error has been made without giving the answer, encouraging self-correction.

Types of Repair

Self-Repair occurs when a speaker corrects their mistake during conversation.
Other Repair is when someone else corrects the speaker and provides the correct form.

Reconstruction and Reformulation

Reconstruction focuses on correcting errors to create grammatically accurate sentences but may lack naturalness.
Reformulation provides better models of expression, enhancing clarity and expressiveness in communication.

Feedback

Feedback serves as a response to student performance, covering strengths and areas for improvement.
Positive Feedback builds confidence through acknowledgment, whereas Constructive Feedback offers improvement suggestions.
Peer Feedback encourages collaborative learning and develops critical thinking among students.

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Description

Explore the Sentence-Machine Argument which posits that grammar acts as a sentence-producing mechanism. This concept highlights how understanding grammar can unleash a learner's linguistic creativity by allowing for the generation of an infinite number of novel sentences.