KEY TERMS
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Questions and Answers

What type of error occurs when a speaker uses an incorrect verb form, as in 'He go to the store'?

  • Word Order Mistake
  • Subject-Verb Agreement Error
  • Grammatical Rule Violation
  • Performance Category Error (correct)
  • Which of the following is an example of a word order mistake?

  • She is more taller than me.
  • He run every day.
  • He has gone to the store.
  • I will at 6 eat dinner. (correct)
  • What is the primary goal of error correction in language learning?

  • To administer strict penalties for incorrect grammar
  • To help students recognize and understand their errors (correct)
  • To promote self-expression regardless of mistakes
  • To highlight all of a student's mistakes
  • What type of error is indicated by 'The children plays in the park'?

    <p>Subject-Verb Agreement Error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-repair in the context of language errors?

    <p>When a speaker corrects their own mistake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach of error correction involves indicating a mistake without providing the correct answer?

    <p>Implicit Correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the sentence 'I seen that movie', what type of error is present?

    <p>Incorrect Use of Tenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'other repair' in error correction?

    <p>When someone else corrects the speaker's mistake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Sentence-Machine Argument assert about grammar?

    <p>Grammar serves as a sentence-producing machine enabling creativity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of the Fine-Tuning Argument in grammar education?

    <p>It makes learners aware of language nuances and corrections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Fossilization Argument view the role of grammar instruction in language learning?

    <p>It is essential for preventing linguistic stagnation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Advance-Organizer Argument, what role does grammar play in language acquisition?

    <p>It acts as a foundational step for subsequent language learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What example illustrates the Fine-Tuning Argument?

    <p>Correcting a sentence from 'She is interesting in art' to 'She is interested in art.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key concept of the Sentence-Machine Argument regarding linguistic creativity?

    <p>Understanding grammar enables limitless creativity in language construction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does grammar instruction have according to the Advance-Organizer Argument?

    <p>It creates prerequisites for future language learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a misconception about grammar instruction based on the Fossilization Argument?

    <p>Language learning can progress without any grammar instruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is grammaticalization primarily concerned with?

    <p>The transformation of words into grammatical markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates the transformation of a content word into a function word?

    <p>The word 'going' used as a future marker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of breaking language into smaller units according to the discrete item argument?

    <p>It reduces the complexity of language learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the rule-of-law argument support structured grammar teaching?

    <p>It provides a clear framework for understanding complex grammar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the phonetic reduction of expressions during grammaticalization?

    <p>Phonological reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are learner expectations significant in grammar instruction?

    <p>Meeting these expectations can motivate and engage students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the example 'gonna' demonstrate in the context of grammaticalization?

    <p>A contraction of a future marker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the word 'because' illustrate phonetic erosion?

    <p>It is frequently contracted to 'coz'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific example illustrates the discrete item argument?

    <p>Focusing on the usage of 'the' as a definite article.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential challenge of using the rule-of-law approach in grammar teaching?

    <p>It can create a rigid teaching environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example shows the different grammatical functions of the word 'that'?

    <p>That (demonstrative) → That (complementizer)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can prior educational experiences influence learner expectations?

    <p>Students may expect the same informal methods they previously encountered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language does Croft (2006) emphasize regarding grammaticalization?

    <p>The dual nature as a linguistic process and a temporal study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does motivation play in grammar instruction based on learner expectations?

    <p>It increases when students feel their needs are addressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the core idea behind grammaticalization?

    <p>Shifting from concrete meanings to abstract functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'grammaticalization' suggest in language learning?

    <p>The process of turning communicative language into formal grammar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of reconstruction in language learning?

    <p>To create grammatically correct sentences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of reformulation?

    <p>'I very like soccer.' turned to 'I really like soccer.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does constructive feedback aim to achieve?

    <p>Encourage a growth mindset without harsh criticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feedback confirms a student’s correctness?

    <p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of indirect feedback?

    <p>Asking the student to repeat their answer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to feedback involves students assessing each other's work?

    <p>Peer feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes metalinguistic feedback?

    <p>Engaging in a discussion about language rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of providing feedback?

    <p>Peer-reviewed essays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Sentence-Machine Argument

    • Grammar acts as a mechanism for producing countless sentences through limited rules.
    • Creativity and vocabulary depth dictate a learner's ability to generate new sentences.
    • Understanding grammar fosters linguistic creativity and diverse expression.

    The Fine-Tuning Argument

    • Grammar instruction helps identify ambiguous or incorrect sentences.
    • Awareness of language nuances leads to clearer and more accurate communication.
    • Corrective measures provided during grammar lessons enhance learner precision in spoken and written language.

    The Fossilization Argument

    • Mastery of grammar is essential for language learning; without it, progress stagnates.
    • Absence of grammar instruction can lead to permanent errors in language use.

    The Advance-Organizer Argument

    • Formal grammar instruction has immediate and long-term effects on language acquisition.
    • Internalizing grammar rules facilitates noticing and understanding language structures during real-life usage.
    • An example includes recognizing past tense usages post grammar lessons.

    The Discrete Item Argument

    • Language complexity can overwhelm learners; breaking it down into manageable units simplifies learning.
    • Focusing on specific grammar elements, such as articles, builds foundational understanding before advancing to more complex concepts.

    The Rule-Of-Law Argument

    • Grammar provides a structured set of rules essential for organized teaching and learning.
    • A systematic approach benefits classroom order, consistent assessment, and progress tracking.

    The Learner Expectations Argument

    • Students arrive with expectations shaped by prior learning experiences.
    • Addressing these expectations through structured grammar lessons increases motivation and engagement.
    • Combining grammar instruction with communicative activities enhances overall student satisfaction.

    Grammaticalization

    • Grammaticalization, defined by Antoine Meillet, is the process of words evolving into grammatical markers.
    • It reflects a shift from content words (nouns/verbs) to function words (grammatical markers).

    Reduction in Grammaticalization

    • Reduction, or phonetic erosion, occurs as expressions simplify over time.
    • Examples include "going to" being contracted to "gonna" in informal speech.

    Error Types: Performance vs. Competence

    • Performance errors are often correctable by the speaker, such as in verb forms or word order.
    • Competence errors break grammatical rules, indicating incomplete understanding, e.g., subject-verb agreement mistakes.

    Error Correction Strategies

    • Explicit Correction involves immediately providing the correct form after an error.
    • Implicit Correction suggests an error has been made without giving the answer, encouraging self-correction.

    Types of Repair

    • Self-Repair occurs when a speaker corrects their mistake during conversation.
    • Other Repair is when someone else corrects the speaker and provides the correct form.

    Reconstruction and Reformulation

    • Reconstruction focuses on correcting errors to create grammatically accurate sentences but may lack naturalness.
    • Reformulation provides better models of expression, enhancing clarity and expressiveness in communication.

    Feedback

    • Feedback serves as a response to student performance, covering strengths and areas for improvement.
    • Positive Feedback builds confidence through acknowledgment, whereas Constructive Feedback offers improvement suggestions.
    • Peer Feedback encourages collaborative learning and develops critical thinking among students.

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    Description

    Explore the Sentence-Machine Argument which posits that grammar acts as a sentence-producing mechanism. This concept highlights how understanding grammar can unleash a learner's linguistic creativity by allowing for the generation of an infinite number of novel sentences.

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