Grammar: Parts of Speech

Grammar

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
  • Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London, Amazon)
  • Common nouns: general terms for people, places, and things (e.g. dog, city, book)
• Verbs: words that express action or a state of being
  • Action verbs: describe physical or mental action (e.g. run, think)
  • Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
• Adjectives: words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns
  • Quantitative adjectives: describe quantity (e.g. three, five)
  • Qualitative adjectives: describe quality (e.g. happy, blue)
• Adverbs: words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Manner: describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly)
  • Time: describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon)
  • Place: describe where something is done (e.g. here, there)
• Pronouns: words that replace nouns in a sentence
  • Personal pronouns: replace nouns referring to people or things (e.g. he, she, it)
  • Possessive pronouns: show ownership or relationship (e.g. my, your, his)
• Prepositions: words that show relationships between words or phrases
  • Words that indicate location (e.g. in, on, at)
  • Words that indicate direction (e.g. to, from, up)

Sentence Structure

• Independent clauses: complete sentences with a subject and predicate
• Dependent clauses: incomplete sentences that cannot stand alone
• Phrases: groups of words that function as a single part of speech
• Clauses and phrases can be combined to create complex sentences

Literary Analysis

Elements of Literature

• Plot: the sequence of events that make up the narrative
• Character: the people or animals that drive the plot
• Setting: the time and place in which the story takes place
• Theme: the underlying message or idea explored in the story
• Point of view: the perspective from which the story is told
  • First person: from the perspective of a character
  • Third person limited: from the perspective of an outside narrator, focused on one character
  • Third person omniscient: from the perspective of an all-knowing narrator

Literary Devices

• Imagery: language that appeals to the senses (e.g. visual, auditory, tactile)
• Symbolism: objects or colors that represent abstract ideas or concepts
• Figurative language: language that goes beyond literal meaning (e.g. metaphor, simile, personification)
• Irony: a contrast between what is expected and what actually occurs
• Allusion: a reference to a person, place, event, or work of art outside the text

Grammar

Parts of Speech

• Nouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas
• Proper nouns are specific names of people, places, and things
• Common nouns are general terms for people, places, and things
• Verbs express action or a state of being
• Action verbs describe physical or mental action
• Linking verbs connect the subject to additional information
• Adjectives modify or describe nouns or pronouns
• Quantitative adjectives describe quantity
• Qualitative adjectives describe quality
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
• Adverbs of manner describe how something is done
• Adverbs of time describe when something is done
• Adverbs of place describe where something is done
• Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence
• Personal pronouns replace nouns referring to people or things
• Possessive pronouns show ownership or relationship
• Prepositions show relationships between words or phrases
• Prepositions indicate location, direction, or other relationships

Sentence Structure

• Independent clauses are complete sentences with a subject and predicate
• Dependent clauses are incomplete sentences that cannot stand alone
• Phrases are groups of words that function as a single part of speech
• Clauses and phrases can be combined to create complex sentences

Literary Analysis

Elements of Literature

• Plot is the sequence of events that make up the narrative
• Characters are the people or animals that drive the plot
• Setting is the time and place in which the story takes place
• Theme is the underlying message or idea explored in the story
• Point of view is the perspective from which the story is told
• First-person point of view is from the perspective of a character
• Third-person limited point of view is from the perspective of an outside narrator, focused on one character
• Third-person omniscient point of view is from the perspective of an all-knowing narrator

Literary Devices

• Imagery is language that appeals to the senses
• Symbolism is the use of objects or colors to represent abstract ideas or concepts
• Figurative language goes beyond literal meaning
• Irony is a contrast between what is expected and what actually occurs
• Allusion is a reference to a person, place, event, or work of art outside the text