Grammar Fundamentals

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns: persons, places, things, and ideas
- Verbs: actions, events, and states
- Adjectives: modify nouns and pronouns
- Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
- Pronouns: replace nouns
- Prepositions: show relationships between words
- Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, and clauses
- Interjections: express emotions
Clause Structure:
- Independent Clauses: complete thoughts with a subject and verb
- Dependent Clauses: incomplete thoughts with a subject and verb
- Relative Clauses: introduce additional information
Tense and Aspect:
- Present Tense: current actions
- Past Tense: completed actions
- Future Tense: future actions
- Progressive Aspect: ongoing actions
- Perfect Aspect: completed actions with a connection to the present

Major Literary Movements:
- Romanticism (18th-19th centuries): emphasis on emotion, nature, and imagination
- Realism (19th-20th centuries): focus on everyday life and social issues
- Modernism (20th century): experimentation with form and style
Notable Authors and Works:
- William Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet
- Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility
- George Orwell: 1984, Animal Farm
- J.K. Rowling: Harry Potter series
Literary Devices:
- Metaphor: comparison between two unlike things
- Simile: comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as"
- Alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds
- Irony: contrast between what is expected and what occurs

Word Formation:
- Prefixes: added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning
- Suffixes: added to the end of a word to change its meaning
- Compounds: combination of two words to create a new word
Word Types:
- Homophones: words with the same pronunciation but different meanings
- Homographs: words with the same spelling but different meanings
- Idioms: phrases with a figurative meaning that differs from the literal meaning
Common Vocabulary Lists:
- Basic vocabulary: common words and phrases used in everyday conversation
- Academic vocabulary: words and phrases used in academic and professional settings
- Domain-specific vocabulary: words and phrases related to a specific field or topic

Parts of Speech
- Nouns: represent persons, places, things, and ideas
- Verbs: express actions, events, and states
- Adjectives: modify nouns and pronouns
- Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
- Pronouns: replace nouns in a sentence
- Prepositions: show relationships between words
- Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, and clauses
- Interjections: express emotions
Clause Structure
- Independent Clauses: complete thoughts with a subject and verb
- Dependent Clauses: incomplete thoughts with a subject and verb
- Relative Clauses: introduce additional information
Tense and Aspect
- Present Tense: describes current actions
- Past Tense: describes completed actions
- Future Tense: describes future actions
- Progressive Aspect: describes ongoing actions
- Perfect Aspect: describes completed actions with a connection to the present

Major Literary Movements
- Romanticism (18th-19th centuries): emphasized emotion, nature, and imagination
- Realism (19th-20th centuries): focused on everyday life and social issues
- Modernism (20th century): experimented with form and style
Notable Authors and Works
- William Shakespeare: wrote Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet
- Jane Austen: wrote Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility
- George Orwell: wrote 1984, Animal Farm
- J.K. Rowling: wrote the Harry Potter series
Literary Devices
- Metaphor: compares two unlike things without "like" or "as"
- Simile: compares two unlike things using "like" or "as"
- Alliteration: repeats initial consonant sounds
- Irony: contrasts with what is expected

Word Formation
- Prefixes: added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning
- Suffixes: added to the end of a word to change its meaning
- Compounds: combine two words to create a new word
Word Types
- Homophones: words with the same pronunciation but different meanings
- Homographs: words with the same spelling but different meanings
- Idioms: phrases with a figurative meaning differing from the literal meaning
Common Vocabulary Lists
- Basic vocabulary: common words and phrases used in everyday conversation
- Academic vocabulary: words and phrases used in academic and professional settings
- Domain-specific vocabulary: words and phrases related to a specific field or topic