Grammar Basics

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns: person, place, thing, or idea
- Pronouns: replace nouns
- Verbs: action or state of being
- Adjectives: modify nouns or pronouns
- Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Prepositions: show relationships between words
- Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Interjections: express emotion
Sentence Structure:
- Simple sentences: one independent clause
- Compound sentences: two or more independent clauses
- Complex sentences: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Compound-complex sentences: multiple independent and dependent clauses
Tense and Aspect:
- Present tense: current action
- Past tense: completed action
- Future tense: future action
- Present perfect tense: action started in the past and continues up to the present
- Past perfect tense: action occurred before another action in the past
- Future perfect tense: action will be completed at a point in the future

Literary Devices:
- Imagery: language that appeals to the senses
- Metaphor: comparison between two unlike things
- Simile: comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as"
- Alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds
- Personification: attribution of human-like qualities to non-human entities
Literary Movements:
- Romanticism: emphasis on emotion, imagination, and individualism
- Realism: focus on everyday life and accurate representation
- Modernism: experimentation with form and structure
- Postmodernism: rejection of traditional narrative structures
Major Works and Authors:
- Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet
- Dickens: Oliver Twist, Great Expectations
- Austen: Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility
- Bronte sisters: Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights

Word Roots and Prefixes:
- Latin roots: am- (love), bene- (good), log- (study)
- Greek roots: phil- (love), anthrop- (human)
- Prefixes: un-, re-, anti-, non-
Word Families:
- -able/-ible: capable, visible
- -ance/-ence: dance, silence
- -ment: government, movement
Commonly Confused Words:
- accept/except
- affect/effect
- their/there/they're

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns represent a person, place, thing, or idea
- Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence
- Verbs express action or a state of being
- Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns with descriptive words
- Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Prepositions show relationships between words, such as location or direction
- Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Interjections express strong emotions
Sentence Structure:
- Simple sentences contain one independent clause
- Compound sentences combine two or more independent clauses
- Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Compound-complex sentences combine multiple independent and dependent clauses

Verb Tenses:
- Present tense describes current actions
- Past tense describes completed actions
- Future tense describes future actions
- Present perfect tense describes actions started in the past and continuing up to the present
- Past perfect tense describes actions that occurred before another action in the past
- Future perfect tense describes actions that will be completed at a point in the future

Literary Devices:
- Imagery appeals to the senses with descriptive language
- Metaphors compare two unlike things without "like" or "as"
- Similes compare two unlike things using "like" or "as"
- Alliteration repeats initial consonant sounds
- Personification gives human-like qualities to non-human entities
Literary Movements:
- Romanticism emphasizes emotion, imagination, and individualism
- Realism focuses on everyday life and accurate representation
- Modernism experiments with form and structure
- Postmodernism rejects traditional narrative structures
Major Works and Authors:
- William Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet
- Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist, Great Expectations
- Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility
- Bronte sisters: Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights

Word Roots and Prefixes:
- Latin roots: am- (love), bene- (good), log- (study)
- Greek roots: phil- (love), anthrop- (human)
- Prefixes: un- (not), re- (again), anti- (against), non- (not)
Word Families:
- -able/-ible: capable, visible
- -ance/-ence: dance, silence
- -ment: government, movement
Commonly Confused Words:
- accept (to receive) vs. except (excluding)
- affect (to influence) vs. effect (a result)
- their (possessive) vs. there (direction) vs. they're (they are)