118 Questions
What is the principal role of Prokaryotes in bioremediation?
Removing pollutants from the environment
In a mutualistic symbiotic relationship, how do both symbiotic organisms benefit?
Both organisms benefit
What is the term for an organism that harms but does not kill its host in parasitism?
Pathogen
Which group of bacteria causes about half of all human diseases?
Pathogenic bacteria
What process do bacteria use to convert undigested food in our intestines?
Fermentation
Which of the following is NOT a type of symbiotic relationship discussed in the text?
Autotrophism
What type of bacteria are responsible for converting milk into cheese through fermentation?
Lactic acid bacteria
'Pickles cucumbers, curdles milk into cheese, and gives tangy flavor' - These food transformations are attributed to:
'Beneficial bacteria'
Which type of cell lacks a membrane-bounded nucleus?
Prokaryotic cell
What is the main method of cell division for prokaryotic cells?
Binary fission
Which of the following cellular components is usually present in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?
Nucleus
What is a common feature of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Plasma Membrane
Which type of cell is typically larger in size, around 40µm?
Eukaryotic cell
Which type of cell is commonly found as unicellular organisms?
Prokaryotic cell
What is the key function of membrane proteins in the cell plasma membrane?
Cell-cell communication
Which characteristic is common to all cells based on the text?
Genetic material in the form of DNA
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Presence of a nucleus
Which statement accurately describes prokaryotic cells?
They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
According to the cell theory, what is the source of all new cells?
Pre-existing cells
What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine?
Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
Which feature is a fundamental part of the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?
Lipids and proteins arranged in a dynamic pattern
Which of the following is a basic feature of all cells?
Cytoplasm where chemical reactions occur
Why are prokaryotic cells generally smaller and simpler in structure?
To allow for rapid and effective reproduction
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Presence of nucleus in prokaryotes and absence in eukaryotes
What is a common characteristic of all cells related to protein synthesis?
Contain ribosomes to make proteins
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in a plant cell?
Photosynthesis
Where are ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelle is responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What is the function of transport vesicles in the endomembrane system?
Molecule transportation
Which cellular structure is involved in maintaining cell shape, providing mechanical support, and facilitating cell movement?
Cytoskeleton
Which organelles are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Mitochondria
Where in the cell are lysosomal enzymes made before being transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelle is studded with ribosomes and forms transport vesicles to the Golgi apparatus?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
In which organelle within the endomembrane system does the sorting and repackaging of molecules for new destinations occur?
Golgi apparatus
Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing lipids such as phospholipids and steroids?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
Serve as the site of protein synthesis
Which organelle is most analogous to ribosomes in terms of their role in protein synthesis?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What cellular structure is primarily responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion and communication?
Junction proteins
Which of the following organelles is directly involved in passing molecules through the cell membrane?
Receptor proteins
How do cytoskeleton proteins contribute to a cell's function?
Provide structural support and facilitate cell movement
What is the primary function of cristae in mitochondria?
Increase surface area for chemical reactions
Which organelle uses solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates?
Chloroplasts
What is a key similarity between mitochondria and chloroplasts according to the text?
Both contain free ribosomes
What is a common feature of the three-membrane system in chloroplasts?
Formation of granum from the second membrane
Which statement best describes the cytoskeleton's role in a cell?
Maintaining cell shape and organizing cell structures
Where would you expect to find the most abundant population of Halophiles?
Salt flats
In a mutant cell with a mutation affecting the Golgi apparatus, what cellular process would be most affected?
Protein synthesis
If a cell is unable to form fimbriae, which cellular structure is most likely affected?
Cytoskeleton
Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP in eukaryotic cells?
Chloroplast
If a mutation affects the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), which cellular process would be most disrupted?
Lipid synthesis
What is the primary function of thylakoid membranes in a plant cell?
Photosynthesis
Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production through cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondrion
Which cellular structure is involved in maintaining cell shape, providing mechanical support, and facilitating cell movement?
Cytoskeleton
Where are ribosomes primarily found in a prokaryotic cell?
Free-floating in the cytoplasm
Which feature is a fundamental part of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?
Ribosomes
Which structure is responsible for communication between two cells?
Gap junctions
Where are enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane lipids located?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
ATP production
In which organelle is the biosynthesis of membrane proteins primarily carried out?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelle is involved in maintaining cell shape, providing mechanical support, and facilitating cell movement?
Cytoskeleton
What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
Protein synthesis
Where does the exocytosis pathway end in the cell?
Plasma membrane
Which cellular component is common to both mitochondria and chloroplasts?
DNA
Which junction forms an impermeable barrier preventing leakage of extracellular fluid?
Tight junctions
In which organelle do we find enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of membrane lipids?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Match the organelle with its function in a eukaryotic cell:
Chloroplasts = Carries out photosynthesis Golgi apparatus = Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion Lysosomes = Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste materials Mitochondria = Generates ATP through cellular respiration
Match the component of the endomembrane system with its function:
Nuclear envelope = Regulates passage in and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores Endoplasmic reticulum = Synthesizes proteins and lipids Golgi apparatus = Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport Transport vesicles = Carry molecules from one part of the system to another
Match the cytoskeleton component with its role within the cell:
Microtubules = Provide structural support and facilitate cell division Intermediate filaments = Maintain cell shape and anchor organelles Actin filaments = Enable cell movement and muscle contraction Cilia and Flagella = Facilitate cell motility and movement of substances
Match the following organelles with their functions:
Mitochondria = ATP production through cellular respiration Chloroplasts = Synthesize carbohydrates using solar energy Cytoskeleton = Maintains cell shape and facilitates cell movement Endomembrane system = Sorting and repackaging of molecules for new destinations
Match the following organelle structures with their descriptions:
Double membrane enclosing stroma = Chloroplasts Inner membrane folds called cristae = Mitochondria Network of interconnected protein filaments and tubules = Cytoskeleton Three-membrane system with thylakoids forming a granum = Chloroplasts
Match the structure with its description in a typical plant cell:
Vacuoles = Store water, nutrients, and waste products Cell wall = Provides structural support and protection Chloroplasts = Site of photosynthesis with chlorophyll Plasmodesmata = Channels for communication between plant cells
Match the following organelles with their primary function:
Plasma Membrane = Regulates what goes in and out of the cell Golgi Apparatus = Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion Mitochondria = Generates energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration Endoplasmic Reticulum = Synthesizes lipids and proteins
Match the organelle with its description in a typical animal cell:
Nucleus = Stores genetic information and coordinates cell activities Ribosomes = Protein synthesis factories in the cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum = Synthesizes proteins and lipids Lysosomes = Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion
Match the following organelles with their characteristics:
Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules = Mitochondria Use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates = Chloroplasts Mixture of enzymes assisting in carbohydrate breakdown = Mitochondria Enveloped by a double membrane = Mitochondria
Match the term with its definition related to the endomembrane system:
Compartmentalize cell = Separate specific reactions to specific regions within the cell Transport vesicles = Move molecules between different parts of the endomembrane system Golgi apparatus function = Modify, sort, and package proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles Nuclear envelope role = Regulate passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus
Match the following structures with their role in maintaining cell shape and movement:
Microtubules = Provide structural support and act as tracks for organelle movement Intermediate Filaments = Maintain cell shape and anchor organelles Actin Filaments = Involved in cell movement and muscle contraction Centrosome = Organizes microtubules during cell division
Match the following cytoskeleton components with their roles:
Microtubules = Provide structural support and facilitate cell division Intermediate filaments = Anchoring organelles and maintaining cell shape Actin filaments = Involved in cell movement and muscle contraction Cilia and flagella = Facilitate cell motility and sensory functions
Match the following organelles with their roles in energy production:
Mitochondria = Generate ATP through cellular respiration Chloroplasts = Convert solar energy into carbohydrates Endoplasmic reticulum = Synthesize lipids and proteins for energy production Golgi apparatus = Modify and package proteins for cellular energy use
Match the following components of animal cells with their functions:
Lysosomes = Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste materials Centrioles = Organize the microtubules of the cytoskeleton during cell division Peroxisomes = Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances Nucleolus = Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
Match the following animal cell structures with their functions:
Cristae on inner membrane = Increase surface area for enzyme activity in mitochondria Thylakoids stacked to form a granum = Contain pigments capturing solar energy in chloroplasts Stroma enclosed by double membrane = Site of carbohydrate synthesis in chloroplasts Matrix containing enzymes for carbohydrate breakdown = Assist in ATP production in mitochondria
Match the following components of plant cells with their functions:
Chloroplasts = Site of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy Cell Wall = Provides structural support and protection to the cell Vacuole = Stores water, nutrients, and waste products Plasmodesmata = Channels that allow communication between plant cells
Match the following endomembrane system components with their functions:
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) = Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) = Involved in protein synthesis and transport Lysosomes = Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste Vesicles = Transport materials within the cell
Match the following cytoskeleton components with their roles:
Microfilaments (Actin) = Involved in cell shape changes and cell motility Microtubules = Provide structural support, act as tracks for organelle movement, and are involved in cell division Intermediate Filaments = Maintain cell shape, anchor organelles, withstand mechanical stress Centrioles = Organize microtubules during cell division to form spindle fibers
What are the main constituents of a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endomembrane system, Vacuoles, Energy-related organelles, Cytoskeleton, Cilia and Flagella
Explain the function of the nucleolus.
Region where RNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are made
What are the two locations where ribosomes build proteins in eukaryotes?
In the cytosol (free ribosomes) and on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)
Describe the function of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells.
Helps compartmentalize cell, restricts certain reactions to specific regions, and transports molecules through vesicles
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
Maintaining cell shape, providing mechanical support, and facilitating cell movement
Differentiate between animal and plant cells based on their structures.
Animal cells lack chloroplasts and cell walls, while plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls.
What is the function of cristae in mitochondria?
Increase surface area
Where are thylakoids found in chloroplasts and what is their role?
Thylakoids are found stacked to form a granum in chloroplasts and contain pigments that capture solar energy.
Describe the differences in cell division mechanisms between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission, where the cell replicates its DNA and divides into two identical daughter cells, while eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis (somatic cells) or meiosis (germ cells) involving complex stages of nuclear division.
What structures make up the cytoskeleton and what is its main function?
A network of interconnected protein filaments and tubules; Maintains cell shape, organizes cell structures, and anchors organelles.
What similarities do mitochondria and chloroplasts share with bacteria?
Enveloped by a double membrane, contain free ribosomes, and have circular DNA molecules.
What is the main role of the three-membrane system in chloroplasts?
Use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates through photosynthesis.
Describe the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of genetic material organization.
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bounded nucleus and have circular DNA in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus housing DNA and DNA packed inside the nucleus.
Differentiate between somatic cell division and germ cell division in eukaryotic cells.
Somatic cell division in eukaryotic cells occurs through mitosis and produces identical daughter cells for growth and repair, while germ cell division occurs through meiosis to produce gametes for sexual reproduction.
Explain the functions of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells.
Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells perform specialized functions such as protein synthesis (endoplasmic reticulum), energy production (mitochondria), and waste removal (lysosomes).
What theory suggests the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Endosymbiont theory
Explain the role of ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are 70s and are responsible for protein synthesis, while in eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are 80s and are involved in protein synthesis as well.
Compare the sizes and complexities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells are small (~5µm) and relatively simple, lacking membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are larger (~40µm) and more complex, with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus housing DNA.
Which structure is common to all three domains of life? a) ______ b) c) d) e) nucleus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria phospholipid bilayer cell membrane endocytotic vesicles
cell membrane
Where are enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane lipids located? a) b) c) d) e) endoplasmic reticulum nucleus lysosomes Golgi apparatus ______
plasma membrane
What is the correct order of the exocytosis or secretion pathway? a) b) c) d) e) rough ER, endosome, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER rough ER, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, plasma membrane smooth ER, rough ER, exocytosis, Golgi apparatus rough ER, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicle, plasma membrane ______
transport vesicle
Which image shows the best resolution? ______ e)
d
Which of the following correctly lists the objects in order from largest to smallest? a) b) c) d) e) ______
e
The DNA in prokaryotes is organized into discrete units called __________
genes
Chromatin condenses to form discrete __________ as a cell prepares to divide
chromosomes
Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in the __________
cytoplasm
Endomembrane system consists of nuclear envelope, membranes of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and numerous __________
vesicles
The endoplasmic reticulum accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic __________
cells
The nucleus stores genetic information with DNA organized into __________
chromosomes
Mitochondria break down carbohydrates to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the process of cellular ________
respiration
Vacuoles in plant cells store nutrients, plant pigment, and maintain water ________
balance
In animal cells, vacuoles are very small and store and keep away waste ________
products
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) modifies proteins and forms transport vesicles to the ________ apparatus
Golgi
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) synthesizes lipids such as phospholipids and ________
steroids
Lysosomes are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes and are involved in digesting molecules or portions of the ________
cell
This quiz covers the classification of bacteria based on cell wall composition through Gram staining, distinguishing between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the quiz discusses the oxygen requirements of bacteria, including obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes.
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