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Questions and Answers
What disease is primarily associated with the genus Brucella?
What disease is primarily associated with the genus Brucella?
Which organism is known for causing a mild pertussis-like illness?
Which organism is known for causing a mild pertussis-like illness?
Which of the following pathogens is primarily responsible for hospital-acquired infections?
Which of the following pathogens is primarily responsible for hospital-acquired infections?
Which pathogen is primarily a respiratory tract infection agent?
Which pathogen is primarily a respiratory tract infection agent?
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Which species of Brucella is specifically associated with swine?
Which species of Brucella is specifically associated with swine?
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What is a common symptom of gonococcal infection in males?
What is a common symptom of gonococcal infection in males?
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What complication can occur in women due to gonococcal salpingitis?
What complication can occur in women due to gonococcal salpingitis?
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What is the primary treatment for ophthalmia neonatorum?
What is the primary treatment for ophthalmia neonatorum?
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What bacterium is frequently associated with severe epidemics of meningitis in developing nations?
What bacterium is frequently associated with severe epidemics of meningitis in developing nations?
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Which symptom is characteristic of meningococcemia caused by N. meningitidis?
Which symptom is characteristic of meningococcemia caused by N. meningitidis?
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In which situations are outbreaks of meningitis caused by N. meningitidis most commonly favored?
In which situations are outbreaks of meningitis caused by N. meningitidis most commonly favored?
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What is the most common type of discharge seen in females with gonococcal infection?
What is the most common type of discharge seen in females with gonococcal infection?
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What can untreated acute conjunctivitis in newborns lead to?
What can untreated acute conjunctivitis in newborns lead to?
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Which species of Neisseria is known to cause meningitis?
Which species of Neisseria is known to cause meningitis?
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What type of bacteria is Neisseria gonorrhoeae classified as?
What type of bacteria is Neisseria gonorrhoeae classified as?
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Which is a common mode of transmission for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which is a common mode of transmission for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Neisseria species?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Neisseria species?
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From which type of cells is Neisseria gonorrhoeae often observed in clinical samples?
From which type of cells is Neisseria gonorrhoeae often observed in clinical samples?
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Which gram-negative organism is known for causing infections primarily in humans?
Which gram-negative organism is known for causing infections primarily in humans?
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What characteristic feature differentiates gonococci from meningococci under the microscope?
What characteristic feature differentiates gonococci from meningococci under the microscope?
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What is the primary significance of Neisseria meningitidis in public health?
What is the primary significance of Neisseria meningitidis in public health?
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What is a major cause of neonatal meningitis occurring within the first month of life?
What is a major cause of neonatal meningitis occurring within the first month of life?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with salmonella gastroenteritis?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with salmonella gastroenteritis?
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Which type of fever is primarily caused by serotype typhi?
Which type of fever is primarily caused by serotype typhi?
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What is the mortality rate approximately associated with enteric (typhoid) fever?
What is the mortality rate approximately associated with enteric (typhoid) fever?
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Which bacterium is known for causing shigellosis or bacillary dysentery?
Which bacterium is known for causing shigellosis or bacillary dysentery?
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Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of shigellosis?
Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of shigellosis?
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Which genus is characterized by curved, spiral, or S-shaped organisms?
Which genus is characterized by curved, spiral, or S-shaped organisms?
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What type of infections can members of the genus Vibrio cause?
What type of infections can members of the genus Vibrio cause?
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Which of the following organisms are primarily responsible for gastrointestinal diseases?
Which of the following organisms are primarily responsible for gastrointestinal diseases?
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What feature is common among enteric gram-negative rods found in the GI tract?
What feature is common among enteric gram-negative rods found in the GI tract?
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Which of the following organisms can be classified as an opportunistic pathogen?
Which of the following organisms can be classified as an opportunistic pathogen?
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Which characteristic is important for E. coli adherence to host mucosal surfaces?
Which characteristic is important for E. coli adherence to host mucosal surfaces?
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What is a common mode of transmission for GI diseases caused by certain pathogens?
What is a common mode of transmission for GI diseases caused by certain pathogens?
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Which genus is primarily gastrointestinal and does not typically cause extraintestinal diseases?
Which genus is primarily gastrointestinal and does not typically cause extraintestinal diseases?
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What type of bacteria are members of the genus Acinetobacter?
What type of bacteria are members of the genus Acinetobacter?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT typically caused by organisms primarily found in the GI tract?
Which of the following diseases is NOT typically caused by organisms primarily found in the GI tract?
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What is the primary virulence factor of N. meningitidis?
What is the primary virulence factor of N. meningitidis?
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Which population is particularly susceptible to N. meningitidis infections?
Which population is particularly susceptible to N. meningitidis infections?
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What severe symptom can develop quickly due to meningococcal infection?
What severe symptom can develop quickly due to meningococcal infection?
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How quickly can meningococcal septicemia occur in a healthy individual?
How quickly can meningococcal septicemia occur in a healthy individual?
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What type of vaccine replaced the quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine for meningitis prevention in U.S. adolescents and adults?
What type of vaccine replaced the quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine for meningitis prevention in U.S. adolescents and adults?
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Which of the following meningococcal vaccines is specifically designed for serogroup B?
Which of the following meningococcal vaccines is specifically designed for serogroup B?
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What is a common presentation in patients with meningococcal infections aside from fever?
What is a common presentation in patients with meningococcal infections aside from fever?
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What is the typical initial site of colonization for N. meningitidis in humans?
What is the typical initial site of colonization for N. meningitidis in humans?
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Study Notes
Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Gram-negative bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms.
- They are categorized by morphology (cocci or bacilli) and further classified as straight or curved.
- Straight bacteria include Enteric bacteria, Legionella, Yersinia, Francisella, Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter.
- Curved bacteria include Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Vibrio.
Cocci
- Gram-negative cocci bacteria are often grouped together as diplococci.
- Neisseria is a genus of Gram-negative diplococci.
- Infections caused by Neisseria include gonorrhea and meningitis.
- Neisseria species can be identified as gram-negative diplococci.
Rods (bacilli)
- Gram-negative bacilli are a category of bacteria.
- Gram-negative rods are commonly separated into aerobic and anaerobic groups.
Overview
- The genus Neisseria consists of gram-negative, aerobic cocci.
- Two Neisseria species are pathogenic for humans: N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis.
- Gonococci and meningococci are nonmotile diplococci.
Gonorrhea
- Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and a common disease.
- The causal agent is Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- The infection typically involves the urethra and vagina.
- Infections in both genders manifest differently.
Meningitis
- Meningitis caused by N. meningitidis is a serious condition.
- The symptoms appear quickly and include severe headaches.
- The organism spreads from the throat into the bloodstream.
Clinical Significance
- N. meningitidis initially colonizes the nasopharynx causing pharyngitis.
- It can lead to meningitis and/or fulminating septicemia.
- N. meningitidis currently remains a major cause of meningitis.
Other E. coli infections
- Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) exhibit a dysentery-like syndrome.
- Enteroadherent E. coli (EAEC) cause traveler's diarrhea or persistent diarrhea in young children.
UTI-causing organisms
- E. coli is the leading cause of UTIs.
- Other Gram-negative bacteria are also involved in UTIs.
Neonatal meningitis/Nosocomial infections
- E. coli is one of the major causes of neonatal meningitis.
- Nosocomial infections are infections originating in hospitals or other healthcare settings.
Helicobacter pylori
- They are curved or spiral-shaped rods.
- Helicobacter pylori cause gastritis and stomach ulcers.
- They are also known to potentially cause stomach cancer.
Respiratory Organisms
- Haemophilus can cause meningitis.
- Bordetella causes whooping cough.
- Legionella causes pneumonia.
Gram-Negative Rods Associated with Respiratory Tract
- Haemophilus influenzae causes meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia and epiglottitis.
- Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough.
- Legionella pneumophila causes pneumonia
Anaerobic Gram-negative Rods
- Bacteroides are among the bacteria frequently found in the human gut and involved in peritonitis.
Diseases caused by Gram-Negative Rods
- Escherichia-related infections.
- Salmonella causes gastroenteritis and typhoid fever.
- Campylobacter infections (e.g. enteritis).
- Shigella leads to shigellosis or bacillary dysentery.
- Vibrio is associated with cholera.
- Yersinia-related diseases.
- Pseudomonas can cause infections.
Zoonotic Organisms
- Pathogens from animals are often transmitted to humans through contact, contaminated food or water.
- Brucella is a common zoonotic disease.
- Other zoonotic diseases like tularemia and pasteurellosis are caused by pathogens spread by animals.
Vaccines
- Meningococcal conjugate vaccines are available and used in adolescents and adults.
- Vaccination schedules are in place for preventative measures.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the classification and characteristics of gram-negative bacteria, including their morphological types such as cocci and bacilli. Key genera like Neisseria and their associated infections are highlighted. Test your knowledge of these microorganisms and their significance in human health.
