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Questions and Answers
Which disease is primarily caused by Legionella?
Which disease is primarily caused by Legionella?
Which species of Brucella is associated with cattle?
Which species of Brucella is associated with cattle?
What type of infections does Pseudomonas aeruginosa primarily cause?
What type of infections does Pseudomonas aeruginosa primarily cause?
Which of the following organisms is primarily associated with tularemia?
Which of the following organisms is primarily associated with tularemia?
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Which disease is transmitted from animals to humans and is caused by Brucella?
Which disease is transmitted from animals to humans and is caused by Brucella?
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What is the primary cause of neonatal meningitis within the first month of life?
What is the primary cause of neonatal meningitis within the first month of life?
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Which symptoms are characteristic of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella?
Which symptoms are characteristic of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella?
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What percentage of patients with enteric (typhoid) fever may have a faint maculopapular rash on the trunk?
What percentage of patients with enteric (typhoid) fever may have a faint maculopapular rash on the trunk?
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Which of the following organisms is known to primarily cause gastrointestinal diseases?
Which of the following organisms is known to primarily cause gastrointestinal diseases?
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What bacterium is primarily responsible for causing enteric (typhoid) fever?
What bacterium is primarily responsible for causing enteric (typhoid) fever?
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What type of bacteria are most of the organisms found in the gastrointestinal tract?
What type of bacteria are most of the organisms found in the gastrointestinal tract?
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What type of lesions do Campylobacter typically cause in the intestine?
What type of lesions do Campylobacter typically cause in the intestine?
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Which Gram-negative rod is part of the normal microbiota but can also be pathogenic?
Which Gram-negative rod is part of the normal microbiota but can also be pathogenic?
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Which toxin is associated with Shigella and contributes to its pathogenicity?
Which toxin is associated with Shigella and contributes to its pathogenicity?
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What characteristic is common among members of the genus Acinetobacter?
What characteristic is common among members of the genus Acinetobacter?
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What is a common characteristic of Shigella species infections?
What is a common characteristic of Shigella species infections?
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Which type of endotoxin is produced by organisms in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which type of endotoxin is produced by organisms in the gastrointestinal tract?
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What shape best describes members of the genus Vibrio?
What shape best describes members of the genus Vibrio?
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Which organism is primarily responsible for infections outside the gastrointestinal tract?
Which organism is primarily responsible for infections outside the gastrointestinal tract?
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What mechanism is frequently important for E.coli to adhere to host surfaces?
What mechanism is frequently important for E.coli to adhere to host surfaces?
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Which of the following is true about the transmission of organisms that cause GI diseases?
Which of the following is true about the transmission of organisms that cause GI diseases?
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What is the most important virulence factor of Neisseria meningitidis?
What is the most important virulence factor of Neisseria meningitidis?
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Which symptoms are characteristic of meningitis caused by N. meningitidis?
Which symptoms are characteristic of meningitis caused by N. meningitidis?
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What is the primary clinical presentation of cholera?
What is the primary clinical presentation of cholera?
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What is the primary method by which N. meningitidis spreads to cause disease?
What is the primary method by which N. meningitidis spreads to cause disease?
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Which species of Yersinia is primarily responsible for bubonic plague?
Which species of Yersinia is primarily responsible for bubonic plague?
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Which vaccine has replaced the quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine in the United States?
Which vaccine has replaced the quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine in the United States?
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Which of the following statements about meningococcal septicemia is true?
Which of the following statements about meningococcal septicemia is true?
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How does Helicobacter species primarily affect the human body?
How does Helicobacter species primarily affect the human body?
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What is the most common form of plague presented clinically?
What is the most common form of plague presented clinically?
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Which of the following groups is at higher risk for meningococcal disease?
Which of the following groups is at higher risk for meningococcal disease?
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What distinguishes the conjugate meningococcal vaccines from serogroup B vaccines?
What distinguishes the conjugate meningococcal vaccines from serogroup B vaccines?
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Which organism is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in infants and young children?
Which organism is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in infants and young children?
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What significant impact has the H.influenzae type b vaccine had?
What significant impact has the H.influenzae type b vaccine had?
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Which of the following is a common laboratory finding when isolating N. meningitidis?
Which of the following is a common laboratory finding when isolating N. meningitidis?
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Which disease is caused by Bordetella pertussis?
Which disease is caused by Bordetella pertussis?
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What characteristic is associated with Helicobacter organisms?
What characteristic is associated with Helicobacter organisms?
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What is the most common symptom of a gonococcal infection in females?
What is the most common symptom of a gonococcal infection in females?
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What complication can result from untreated gonococcal salpingitis in women?
What complication can result from untreated gonococcal salpingitis in women?
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What condition may develop in a newborn from passage through an infected birth canal?
What condition may develop in a newborn from passage through an infected birth canal?
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In which individuals is N. meningitidis most likely to cause outbreaks of meningitis?
In which individuals is N. meningitidis most likely to cause outbreaks of meningitis?
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What is a potential result of untreated gonococcal conjunctivitis in newborns?
What is a potential result of untreated gonococcal conjunctivitis in newborns?
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What is the primary treatment utilized for ophthalmia neonatorum caused by gonococcus?
What is the primary treatment utilized for ophthalmia neonatorum caused by gonococcus?
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What symptom is characteristic of a severe strain of N. meningitidis infection with meningococcemia?
What symptom is characteristic of a severe strain of N. meningitidis infection with meningococcemia?
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Why does gonococcus not survive long outside the human body?
Why does gonococcus not survive long outside the human body?
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Study Notes
Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Gram-negative bacteria are a large group of bacteria.
- Gram-negative bacteria can cause a wide range of diseases in humans.
- Some bacteria can cause infection in the respiratory system.
- Some bacteria can cause infection of the genitourinary tract.
- Some bacteria can cause infection of the gastrointestinal tract.
Cocci/Coccobacilli
- Neisseria are nonmotile, gram-negative coccobacilli.
- Neisseria are commonly found in pairs (diplococci).
- Neisseria are aerobic.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea.
- Neisseria meningitidis causes meningitis.
- Moraxella are nonmotile, gram-negative coccobacilli.
- Moraxella are generally found in pairs.
- Moraxella can cause infections in the respiratory system, middle ear, eye, CNS, and joints.
- Haemophilus : causes meningitis,
- Bordetella : causes whooping cough
- Legionella : causes pneumonia
Bacilli
- Bacilli are rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria.
- Bacilli can be facultative (grow in the presence or absence of oxygen).
- Bacilli can be aerobic or anaerobic (only grow in the absence of oxygen).
- Enterobacteriaceae : a family of gram-negative bacilli found in humans
- Escherichia coli: a common member of the enteric bacteria family; can cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases
- Salmonella: a genus, which can cause gastrointestinal diseases
- Shigella: cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)
- Campylobacter: causes acute enteritis
- Vibrio: causes cholera
- Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus, Providencia, Morganella hafnia: primarily causing extraintestinal disease
Pathogenesis
- The source of infection for extraintestinal disease is frequently the patient's own flora.
- Pathogens can cause disease in individuals when found in normally sterile sites.
- Gram-negative bacteria often produce an exotoxin.
- An exotoxin can have enterotoxic or cytotoxic properties.
Clinical Significance
- Gram-negative bacteria are primarily pathogenic to humans
- Several species cause different diseases in the human body (meningitis).
- Different species have different symptoms.
- Some species are widely distributed in nature.
- Some organisms are opportunistic pathogens, causing disease in weakened hosts.
- Most species of gram-negative bacteria can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route.
Vaccines
- Conjugate meningococcal vaccine (MCV4) was developed in 2005.
- MCV4 protects against different serogroups that cause meningitis.
Other
- Acinetobacter: a genus of gram-negative coccobacilli; important nosocomial pathogens.
- Francisella: causes tularemia
- Yersinia enterocolitica: causes disease characterized by fever and diarrhea.
- Yersinia pestis: known to cause bubonic plague, rather than an enteric disease.
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Description
This quiz covers the characteristics and diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria, including notable examples like Neisseria, Moraxella, and Haemophilus. Test your knowledge on the various infections these bacteria can induce in humans, as well as their morphological classifications. Ideal for students studying microbiology or related fields.
