Grade 11 STEM - General Biology 2 Module 5

9 Questions

What is reproduction?

The process by which new individuals of a species are produced and genetic material is passed from generation to generation.

Which of the following are methods of asexual reproduction?

Budding

Define self-pollination.

Self-pollination occurs when pollen grains are transfered to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant.

Match the following parts of a flower with their descriptions:

Sepals = Small, green leaf-like structures that form the calyx Petals = Brightly colored to attract insects for pollination Stamen = Male reproductive parts made up of anther and filament Carpel = Female reproductive part containing ovary, style, and stigma

What is the function of the labia minora?

Surround the openings to the vagina and urethra

Where does conception typically occur in the female reproductive system?

Fallopian tubes

Which phase of the menstrual cycle occurs on day 14?

Ovulation phase

During pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants into the lining of the ____ wall.

uterine

Match the contraception method with its type:

Oral contraceptives = Ovulation-suppressing Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap = Barrier methods Spermicidal jelly and foam = Chemical Vasectomy and Tubal ligation = Surgical methods IUD and Morning-after pill = Implantation-suppressing Abstinence = Others

Study Notes

Reproduction

Reproduction is the process by which new individuals of a species are produced and genetic material is passed from generation to generation.

Types of Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction: Produces genetically identical offspring from one parent.
- Binary Fission (Splitting): Separation of the body into two new bodies, each receiving one copy of DNA.
- Budding: New individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism.
- Fragmentation: Parent organism breaks into fragments or pieces, each developing into a new individual.
- Sporulation: Unicellular spores detach from parent and develop into new individuals.
- Cloning: Mitotic division resulting in a development of a clone with exact genetic makeup.
- Parthenogenesis: Natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization by sperm.
Sexual Reproduction: Involves fusion of two nuclei to form a zygote and production of genetically dissimilar offspring.

Vegetative Reproduction

Natural Vegetative Reproduction: Plant organs other than seed and spore serve as means of maintaining species.
- Examples: Bulbs, cloves, corms, tubers, and rhizomes.
Artificial Vegetative Reproduction: Methods used to produce new plants.
- Examples: Grafting, Cutting, and Layering or Runner.

Process of Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Typical flower consists of:
- Pedicel/Stalk: Holds and supports the flower.
- Receptacle: Swollen end of pedicel where other structures are attached.
- Sepals: Small, green, leaf-like structures forming the calyx.
- Petals: Brightly colored to attract insects for pollination.
- Stamen: Male reproductive part consisting of an anther and filament.
- Carpel or Pistil: Female reproductive part consisting of ovary, style, and stigma.
Pollination: Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.
Self-Pollination: Pollen grains transferred to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant.
Cross-Pollination: Pollen grains transferred to the stigma of different plants.

Process of Reproduction in Animals

Stages of Animal Development:
- Gametogenesis: Production of sperm and eggs through meiosis.
- Fertilization: Formation of a diploid zygote from a haploid egg and sperm.
- Cleavage: Period of rapid cell division without growth.
- Gastrulation: Formation of three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
- Organogenesis: Development of rudimentary organs from germ layers.
- Differentiation and Growth: Development of tissues and organs.

Human Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System:
- Testicles (testes): Produce testosterone and sperm.
- Epididymis: Transports and stores sperm cells.
- Vas Deferens: Muscular tube transporting mature sperm to the urethra.
- Ejaculatory Ducts: Formed by fusion of vas deferens and seminal vesicles.
- Seminal Vesicles: Produce sugar-rich fluid providing energy for sperm.
- Prostate Gland: Contributes fluid to ejaculate.
- Urethra: Carries urine from bladder to outside.
- Scrotum: Protects testicles and regulates temperature.
Female Reproductive System:
- Ovaries: Produce eggs and hormones.
- Fallopian Tubes: Narrow tubes connecting ovaries to uterus.
- Uterus (Womb): Hollow, pear-shaped organ supporting fetus development.
- Cervix: Lower part of uterus connecting to vagina.
- Vagina: Canal joining cervix to outside.
- Labia Majora and Minora: External structures protecting vagina and urethra.
- Clitoris: Sensitive protrusion comparable to penis in males.

Menstrual Cycle

Phases:
- Menstrual Phase (Days 1-5)
- Follicular Phase (Days 1-13)
- Ovulation Phase (Day 14)
- Luteal Phase (Days 15-28)

Contraception and Its Types

Methods:
- Ovulation-suppressing methods (Oral contraceptives)
- Barrier methods (Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap)
- Chemical methods (Spermicidal jelly and foam)
- Surgical methods (Vasectomy and Tubal ligation)
- Implantation-suppressing methods (IUD and Morning-after pill)
- Others (Abstinence)