Grade 10 Chemistry Second Term Plan 2024/2025

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Questions and Answers

What is the molar mass of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$)?

  • 44 g/mol (correct)
  • 88 g/mol
  • 22 g/mol
  • 66 g/mol

How many grams of carbon are present in 2 moles of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$)?

  • 24 grams (correct)
  • 48 grams
  • 66 grams
  • 12 grams

What is the mass of 0.5 moles of water ($H_2O$)?

  • 36 grams
  • 4.5 grams
  • 9 grams (correct)
  • 18 grams

Which of these is NOT a correct statement about the law of conservation of mass?

<p>Matter can be converted from one form to another in chemical reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the law of definite proportions, what is always true about a given compound?

<p>The elements are combined in a fixed ratio by mass, regardless of the source. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of 1.5 moles of sodium chloride (NaCl)?

<p>87.75 grams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage by mass of oxygen in cupric oxide ($CuO$)?

<p>20% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 2 moles of magnesium ($Mg$) reacts with 1 mole of oxygen ($O_2$) to form magnesium oxide ($MgO$), how many moles of magnesium oxide are produced?

<p>2 moles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ideal gas equation PV = nRT help to calculate?

<p>Volume of an ideal gas at a given temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Dalton's law of partial pressure, if the partial pressure of gas A is represented as PA, how can it be calculated?

<p>PA = (nA / total gas moles) × PT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct expression for mole fraction (XA) of gas A?

<p>XA = nA / (nA + nB) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If three gases exert a total pressure of 2.1 atm in a cylinder, which of the following methods would NOT provide the partial pressure of a gas?

<p>Calculating each gas's pressure based on its mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given 4 g of Ne, 4 g of O2, and 2 g of H2, which statement about their molecular weights and moles is correct?

<p>4 g of H2 will yield more moles than 4 g of O2. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons?

<p>Covalent bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is an example of a covalent compound?

<p>CO2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a property of covalent compounds?

<p>Low melting and boiling points (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a dative covalent bond from a regular covalent bond?

<p>It involves one atom donating a lone pair of electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of forces of attraction is responsible for the formation of liquids from gases?

<p>Van der Waals forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of solvent are covalent compounds usually soluble?

<p>Benzene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions features a dative covalent bond?

<p>NH4+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true concerning dipole forces of attraction?

<p>They are weaker than hydrogen bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which methods can be used to prepare copper (II) oxide?

<p>Heating copper in oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mass ratio of mercury to oxygen is derived from the decomposition of mercuric oxide?

<p>12.5:1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the law of definite proportions?

<p>It confirms that a specific compound has a fixed ratio of its elements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Boyle's law state about the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas?

<p>Volume is inversely proportional to pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of mercury when 2.16 g of mercuric oxide is decomposed?

<p>2.00 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the procedure used to confirm the law of definite proportions in the experiments mentioned?

<p>Calculating ratios and verifying they are constant in different samples. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the pressure of a gas is 540 mm Hg and its volume is 200 cm3, what will the pressure be if the volume is increased to 600 cm3?

<p>180 mm Hg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Charles' law, how is volume related to absolute temperature?

<p>Volume is directly proportional to temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In both experiments, what was the resultant whole number ratio of mercury to oxygen?

<p>25:2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of multiple proportions state?

<p>The ratios of masses of elements in different compounds are consistent and form a ratio of whole numbers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the final temperature of a gas if its initial volume is 70 cm3, the final volume is 42 cm3, and the initial temperature is 300 K?

<p>180 K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does heating copper in oxygen play in preparing copper (II) oxide?

<p>It oxidizes copper to form copper (II) oxide. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation that combines both Boyle's law and Charles' law?

<p>P1V1 = P2V2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the final volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure if its initial pressure is 2.02 x 10^5 Nm-2, volume is 5 dm3, and temperature is 303 K?

<p>9.00 dm3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which standard condition is the pressure set according to gas laws?

<p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is false regarding gas laws?

<p>Gas laws only apply to ideal gases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines the ideal gas equation?

<p>$PV = nRT$, where $P$ is pressure, $V$ is volume, $n$ is moles, $R$ is the gas constant, $T$ is temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Dalton’s law of partial pressure state?

<p>The pressures exerted by gases are equal to the sum of their individual partial pressures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the mole fraction of a gas A defined in Dalton's law?

<p>$XA = \frac{nA}{nA + nB + nC}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 4 g of Ne, 4 g of O2, and 2 g of H2 exert a total pressure of 2.1 atm, what information can you derive from this scenario?

<p>The mole fractions can be calculated using the number of moles of each gas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the ideal gas equation, what would be the unit for pressure?

<p>atm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ideal Gas Equation

PV = nRT; relates pressure, volume, and temperature of gas.

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure

States total pressure is the sum of individual gas pressures in a mixture.

Mole Fraction

XA = nA / (nA + nB + nC); ratio of moles of a component to total moles.

Pressure and Volume Relationship

In a gas at constant temperature, pressure decreases as volume increases.

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R (Gas Constant)

R = 0.0821 atm dm3 mol-1 K-1; constant in the ideal gas equation.

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Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

The total pressure equals the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases in a mixture.

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Mole Fraction (XA)

The ratio of moles of a specific gas to the total moles of all gases in a mixture.

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Pressure (P)

The force exerted by gas molecules per unit area, measured in atmospheres (atm).

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Gas Constant (R)

A constant (0.0821 atm dm3 mol-1 K-1) used in the ideal gas equation.

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Mole

The mole is a unit that measures the amount of substance.

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Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance in grams per mole (g/mol).

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Mass

The quantity of matter in an object, measured in grams (g).

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Conversion of Moles Formula

Number of moles (n) equals mass (m) divided by molar mass (M).

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Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.

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Law of Definite Proportions

Compounds always contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass.

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Law of Multiple Proportions

When two elements form more than one compound, the masses combine in simple whole-number ratios.

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Example of Moles Calculation

88 g of CO2 contains 2 moles of carbon (C) based on its molar mass.

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Electrolytes

Compounds in solution that conduct electricity.

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Covalent Bond

A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two non-metals.

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Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)

A covalent compound formed by hydrogen and sulfur sharing electrons.

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Properties of Covalent Compounds

Low melting/boiling points, non-electrolytes, insoluble in water.

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Dative Covalent Bond

A bond formed when one atom donates a lone pair of electrons for sharing.

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Ammonium Ion (NH4+)

An example of a molecule with a dative covalent bond.

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Van der Waals Forces

Weak forces of attraction in gaseous molecules, leading to liquid formation.

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Dipole Forces

Weak attraction between polar molecules, like in water.

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Copper (II) oxide preparation

Methods to prepare copper (II) oxide include heating copper with oxygen or via reactions with trioxonitrate (V) acid.

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Mass ratio example

In the decomposition of mercuric oxide, the mass ratio of mercury to oxygen remains constant at 25:2.

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Experiment 1 data

In Experiment 1, 2.16 g of mercuric oxide decomposed to yield 2.00 g mercury and 0.16 g oxygen.

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Experiment 2 data

In Experiment 2, 17.28 g of mercuric oxide gave 16 g mercury and 1.28 g oxygen.

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Precipitation of copper (II) hydroxide

Obtaining copper (II) hydroxide by dissolving copper in trioxonitrate (V) acid followed by strong heating.

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Chemical combination laws

Laws that govern how elements combine to form compounds, including the law of multiple proportions.

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Laboratory method

An instructional approach using hands-on experiments and drawings of apparatus to teach chemistry.

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Boyle’s Law

Volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure at constant temperature.

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Mathematical expression of Boyle's Law

PV = K, where K is a constant of proportionality.

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P1V1 = P2V2

Initial and final states of pressure and volume in Boyle's law.

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Charles’ Law

Volume of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature at constant pressure.

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Mathematical expression of Charles' Law

V/T = k, showing volume related to temperature.

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General Gas Law

Combines Boyle’s and Charles’ laws: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2.

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STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)

Temperature of 273 K and pressure of 760 mm Hg.

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Volume calculation at STP

Use P1V1/T1 = P2V2 to find final volume under standard conditions.

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Study Notes

Second Term Scheme of Work & Lesson Notes

  • Grade 10 Chemistry
  • Term: 2024/2025
  • Date: January 6, 2025
  • Institution: Princeton College
  • Address: 9/33, Olatunde Onimole Street, Surulere, Lagos

Weekly Schedule

  • Week 1 & 2: Revision of first term's examination questions
  • Week 2: The mole concept
  • Week 3: Laws of Chemical combination
  • Week 4: Chemical bonding
  • Week 5: First Continuous Assessment Tests
  • Week 6: Intermolecular forces
  • Week 7: Mid-Term Break
  • Week 8: Gas Laws
  • Week 9: Second Continuous Assessment Tests
  • Week 10 & 11: Gas Laws
  • Week 12 & 13: Revision and Examination

Week 1 & 2: Revision of First Term's Examination Questions

  • Learning Objectives: Students will be able to correct first term examination questions
  • Reference Material: First term's examination question paper
  • Student Activities: Students respond to questions from the first-term examination papers with the teacher moderating.

Week 1 & 2 - Question 1 (Example of a question type)

  • Question Topic: Heating Curve of Solid M (graph provided).
  • Instructions: Use the graph to respond to the following questions:
    • What is the melting point of solid M?
    • If the vapor of M is cooled, at what temperature will it start to condense?
    • What is the boiling temperature of solid M?

Further Questions and Concepts (Week 4)

  • General Topic: Chemical bonding
  • Chemical bonding definition: Attractive force between atoms
  • Types of bonds:
    • Inter-atomic:
      • Electrovalent/ionic: Electron transfer (metal to nonmetal)
      • Covalent: Electron sharing (nonmetal to nonmetal)
    • Intermolecular: Van der Waals, dipole, hydrogen (forces between molecules)

Week 5 (Continuous Assessment Tests):

  • Topic: Continuous Assessment

Week 6 - Intermolecular Forces

  • Learning Objectives:
  • Identify types of intermolecular forces (Van der Waals, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonds).
  • Describe their properties.
  • Reference Materials: Textbooks (Extensive Chemistry, Cambridge IGCSE)
  • Demo-Method: Students in small groups perform physical and chemical changes under supervision.

Week 6 (Continued) – Intermolecular Forces

  • Van der Waals forces: weak attraction in gases; cause condensation
  • Dipole-Dipole forces: Attraction between polar molecules.
  • Hydrogen bonds: Strong intermolecular force (polarity, electronegativity play a role)

Week 8 - Gas Laws

  • Topic: Gas Laws (Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, Ideal Gas Law).
  • Learning Objectives: Define and apply the gas laws in calculations.
  • Reference Materials: Textbooks (Extensive Chemistry, Cambridge IGCSE).
  • Method of Teaching: Demonstrations and problem-solving using examples.

Week 8 - Gas Law Examples

  • Boyle's Law: Volume is inversely proportional to Pressure (constant temp.).
  • Charles' Law: Volume is directly proportional to Temperature (constant pressure).
  • Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT; where:
    • P = pressure
    • V = volume (in dm³)
    • n = number of moles
    • R = ideal gas constant (0.0821 atm·dm³/mol·K)
    • T = temperature (in Kelvin)

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