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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of GPCR activation in cellular signaling?
What is the primary function of GPCR activation in cellular signaling?
- Production of second messengers (correct)
- Conversion of ATP to cAMP
- Degradation of second messengers
- Opening of gated ion channels
Which of the following receptors leads to the activation of phosphoinositide second messenger system?
Which of the following receptors leads to the activation of phosphoinositide second messenger system?
- Insulin receptor
- GABA receptor
- a-adrenergic receptor (correct)
- b-adrenergic receptor
Which G-protein is associated with adenylate cyclase activation?
Which G-protein is associated with adenylate cyclase activation?
- Gqa
- Gtg
- Gti
- Gsa (correct)
What is the resultant second messenger when phospholipase C is activated?
What is the resultant second messenger when phospholipase C is activated?
Which protein kinase is activated by adenylate cyclase?
Which protein kinase is activated by adenylate cyclase?
In the context of Gibbs free energy, what is ΔG°?
In the context of Gibbs free energy, what is ΔG°?
Which process contributes to the termination of signaling effects?
Which process contributes to the termination of signaling effects?
According to the laws of thermodynamics, what is stated in the second law?
According to the laws of thermodynamics, what is stated in the second law?
Which intermediate is formed after isocitrate in the TCA cycle?
Which intermediate is formed after isocitrate in the TCA cycle?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle?
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle?
What stimulates gluconeogenesis during low glucose levels?
What stimulates gluconeogenesis during low glucose levels?
Which tissue is the primary site for gluconeogenesis?
Which tissue is the primary site for gluconeogenesis?
What is produced during the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle?
What is produced during the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle?
Which of the following statements about the TCA cycle is NOT correct?
Which of the following statements about the TCA cycle is NOT correct?
Which precursor is involved in gluconeogenesis and primarily sourced from muscle tissue?
Which precursor is involved in gluconeogenesis and primarily sourced from muscle tissue?
Which of the following regulates the TCA cycle by inhibiting certain steps?
Which of the following regulates the TCA cycle by inhibiting certain steps?
Which enzymes catalyze the irreversible steps of gluconeogenesis?
Which enzymes catalyze the irreversible steps of gluconeogenesis?
How many ATP equivalents are required to synthesize one molecule of glucose?
How many ATP equivalents are required to synthesize one molecule of glucose?
Which of the following substances inhibits Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase?
Which of the following substances inhibits Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase?
Which complex in the electron transport chain uses FMN as a cofactor?
Which complex in the electron transport chain uses FMN as a cofactor?
What is the role of CoQ in the electron transport chain?
What is the role of CoQ in the electron transport chain?
What activates gluconeogenesis through allosteric regulation?
What activates gluconeogenesis through allosteric regulation?
Which electron carrier is hydrophilic and found in the intermembrane space?
Which electron carrier is hydrophilic and found in the intermembrane space?
What is primarily responsible for the generation of the electrochemical gradient during electron transport?
What is primarily responsible for the generation of the electrochemical gradient during electron transport?
What distinguishes an endergonic reaction from an exergonic reaction?
What distinguishes an endergonic reaction from an exergonic reaction?
How is the actual ΔG of a cellular reaction calculated using ΔG° and cellular concentrations?
How is the actual ΔG of a cellular reaction calculated using ΔG° and cellular concentrations?
Which term describes compounds with free energy of hydrolysis equal to or higher than ATP?
Which term describes compounds with free energy of hydrolysis equal to or higher than ATP?
What is the role of the various phosphate groups in ATP?
What is the role of the various phosphate groups in ATP?
What characterizes substrate-level phosphorylation?
What characterizes substrate-level phosphorylation?
Which GLUT transporter is specifically insulin-dependent?
Which GLUT transporter is specifically insulin-dependent?
Which of the following is NOT a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?
Which of the following is NOT a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?
What is the total energy output of glycolysis under aerobic conditions?
What is the total energy output of glycolysis under aerobic conditions?
What is the action of Atractyloside on the adenine nucleotide transporter?
What is the action of Atractyloside on the adenine nucleotide transporter?
Which of the following statements correctly differentiates inhibitors of the ETC from uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation?
Which of the following statements correctly differentiates inhibitors of the ETC from uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation?
How does thermogenin function in brown adipose tissue?
How does thermogenin function in brown adipose tissue?
What role do ionophores play in cellular respiration?
What role do ionophores play in cellular respiration?
What is the P/O ratio, and what does it represent in oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the P/O ratio, and what does it represent in oxidative phosphorylation?
Which shuttle system synthesizes more ATP from cytoplasmic NADH?
Which shuttle system synthesizes more ATP from cytoplasmic NADH?
What effect do inhibitors of the electron transport chain have on ATP synthesis?
What effect do inhibitors of the electron transport chain have on ATP synthesis?
What is characteristic of uncouplers compared to inhibitors of the ETC?
What is characteristic of uncouplers compared to inhibitors of the ETC?
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