Government Unit 2 Part 2 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the CIA?

  • To enforce consumer laws and protect marketplace transactions
  • To gather and analyze information to safeguard national security (correct)
  • To provide mail processing and delivery services
  • To regulate interstate communications and broadcasting

Which of the following agencies is responsible for protecting human health and the environment?

  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (correct)
  • Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
  • Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)
  • Civilian Aerospace Agency (CAA)

What do government corporations usually provide?

  • Free services funded by taxpayers
  • Regulatory frameworks for private businesses
  • Services that people pay for through taxes or other payments (correct)
  • Security for national surveillance programs

Which agency regulates the offer and sale of securities?

<p>Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are considered civil servants?

<p>The civilian workforce of the U.S. government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the Supreme Court to agree to hear a case under the Rule of Four?

<p>Four justices must affirmatively vote to hear the case. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an Amicus Curiae brief?

<p>To provide insight from a person or organization not directly involved in the case. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sovereign immunity protect states from?

<p>Lawsuits without their consent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of the Supreme Court process do justices review petitions and responses?

<p>Meet in Conference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary document submitted by both parties in a Supreme Court case called?

<p>Brief (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Department of State?

<p>Specialize in foreign affairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which department is responsible for the health of Americans?

<p>Department of Health and Human Services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agency operates under the Department of Homeland Security?

<p>Transportation Security Administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security?

<p>The 9/11 attacks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which department is primarily responsible for managing federal finances?

<p>Department of Treasury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Department of Justice?

<p>Ensure the fair and impartial administration of laws (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Independent Executive Agencies from Cabinet Departments?

<p>They operate outside of the cabinet structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following departments was created first by Congress in 1789?

<p>Department of Treasury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the winning side in a Supreme Court case?

<p>Majority opinion of 5 justices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which opinion explains the reasoning behind the majority of judges' votes?

<p>Majority Opinion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chief justice anointed the principle of judicial review?

<p>John Marshall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a dissenting opinion represent?

<p>Disagreement with the majority decision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act did Marbury reference in his lawsuit against Madison?

<p>Judiciary Act of 1789 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did John Marshall take regarding Marbury's writ of mandamus?

<p>Declared it unconstitutional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inference can be drawn about the power of the Supreme Court from the concept of judicial review?

<p>It has the authority to declare laws unconstitutional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Judiciary Act of 1801?

<p>To expand the federal judiciary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes political appointees who serve at the pleasure of the president?

<p>They serve at the president's discretion and can be removed without cause. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1883?

<p>To establish a Merit System based on competitive exams. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'red tape' refer to in the context of bureaucracy?

<p>The rules and regulations implemented by agencies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Kisor vs Wilkie case in 2019?

<p>Agencies have the authority to interpret laws they create. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Congressional Review Act (1996) require from federal agencies before a rule takes effect?

<p>Agencies are required to submit the rule to Congress for approval. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Iron Triangle' in policy-making?

<p>A cooperative relationship between Congress, interest groups, and bureaucracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Government Paperwork Elimination Act (1998)?

<p>To promote e-commerce and the use of the internet in federal agencies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agency related example illustrates wastefulness in government?

<p>The Board of Tea Exports inspections until 1996. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main aim of the Court Packing Plan proposed by FDR in 1937?

<p>To gain control over all three branches of government (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act created the U.S. Court of Appeals?

<p>Judiciary Act of 1891 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Senatorial Courtesy in the nomination of Supreme Court justices?

<p>To defer to the judgment of the senator from the same state as the nominee (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Federalist 78, what is one reason that life tenure for justices is necessary?

<p>It prevents justices from being swayed by political pressures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction?

<p>Original jurisdiction is the first hearing of a case; appellate jurisdiction reviews cases decided by lower courts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Judicial Committee Hearing in the confirmation of justices?

<p>To question the nominee and assess their judicial philosophy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of U.S. District Courts, what types of cases do they primarily deal with?

<p>Criminal and civil cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many justices did the Judiciary Act of 1789 add to the Supreme Court?

<p>5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Independent Regulatory Agencies

Government agencies regulating private businesses, making and enforcing laws.

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Regulates interstate/international communications.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Protects human health and the environment.

Government Corporations

Corporations providing services funded by taxes/fees.

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Civil Servants

Civilian workforce of the U.S. government.

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Bureaucrat

A non-elected government official who handles administrative tasks.

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Cabinet Departments

Government departments that assist the President in carrying out their duties.

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Department of State

Government department responsible for foreign affairs.

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Department of Treasury

Goverment department that manages the country's finances.

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Department of Defense

Government department overseeing the U.S. military.

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Independent Executive Agencies

Government agencies that operate outside the Cabinet structure.

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NASA

Independent executive agency responsible for US space exploration and research.

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Department of Homeland Security

Government department created after 9/11 focused on improving U.S. security.

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Political Appointees

Individuals selected by the President to hold positions in the executive branch, serving at the President's pleasure.

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Spoils System

A practice where political allies and supporters are rewarded with government jobs, regardless of their qualifications.

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Merit System

A system where government employees are hired based on their skills and abilities, demonstrated through competitive exams.

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Red Tape

Excessive rules and regulations that make it difficult to complete tasks or processes.

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Iron Triangle

A close relationship between government agencies, interest groups, and Congressional committees, influencing policy.

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Congressional Oversight

The power of Congress to monitor and review the activities of executive branch agencies, ensuring accountability.

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Government Paper Work Elimination Act

A law requiring federal agencies to use electronic means for communication and transactions whenever possible.

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Judiciary Act of 1789

This act established the federal court system with 6 justices on the Supreme Court, and created the US District Courts and US Courts of Appeals.

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US District Courts

They handle criminal and civil cases at the initial level. Cases can be appealed to the US Court of Appeals.

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US Court of Appeals

Established by the Judiciary Act of 1891, it reviews decisions from lower courts with a panel of 3 judges to decide if the original ruling was correct.

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Court Packing Plan (1937)

President Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to add 6 justices to the Supreme Court to support his New Deal policies and gain influence across the government.

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Nomination of Supreme Court Justices

The President nominates a candidate to the Supreme Court, and the Senate confirms the nominee through a vote.

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Senatorial Courtesy

When a senator from the same state as the nominated justice opposes the nomination, it is likely to be unsuccessful.

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Judicial Committee Hearing

Justices undergo questioning from senators where their viewpoints and qualifications are assessed.

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Federalist 78

An essay by Alexander Hamilton arguing that life tenure for Supreme Court justices is essential for an independent and impartial judiciary.

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Exclusive Jurisdiction

When only one court is authorized to hear a specific type of case.

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Sovereign Immunity

States cannot be sued without their consent, even by their own citizens. This doctrine stems from the 11th Amendment.

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Writ of Certiorari (Cert)

A formal document issued by the Supreme Court requesting a case's records from a lower court for review.

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Amicus Curiae

A brief filed by a non-party to a case, offering insights or arguments to the court.

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Oral Arguments

When the parties involved present their arguments in the Supreme Court's official courtroom.

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Majority Rule in Supreme Court

A decision in the Supreme Court is made when at least 5 out of 9 justices vote in favor of one side.

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Majority Opinion

A written explanation by the judges who voted in favor of the majority decision, detailing the reasons for their ruling.

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Concurring Opinion

A written explanation by one or more judges who agree with the majority decision but for different reasons.

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Dissenting Opinion

A written explanation by one or more judges who disagree with the majority decision and explain why.

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Judicial Review

The power of federal courts to declare laws or actions by the government unconstitutional.

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Marbury v. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States.

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What is the Judiciary Act of 1789?

This act established the federal court system, including the Supreme Court, US District Courts, and later the US Courts of Appeals.

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What is the Judiciary Act of 1801?

This act created 93 new federal judge positions, an attempt to increase federalist influence on the judiciary.

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Study Notes

Unit 2 Part 2 Study Guide

  • Bureaucracy
    • People part of cabinet departments and independent agencies.
    • Bureaucrat: Non-elected administrative government official.
  • Cabinet Departments
    • Article 2 of the Constitution allows Congress to create them.
    • 1789: Congress created State, Treasury, and War (Defense) departments.
    • These departments enforce laws and help the president fulfill roles.
  • Department of State
    • Specializes in foreign affairs.
    • Helps the president fulfill the role of chief diplomat.
  • Department of Treasury
    • Manages the federal finances, taxes, and produces currency.
    • Manages the U.S. bank.
  • Department of Defense
    • Operates from the Pentagon.
    • Oversees armed forces.
    • Helps the president fulfill the role of commander-in-chief.
  • Department of Justice
    • Enforces federal law.
    • Seeks just punishment for the guilty.
    • Ensures fair administration of justice.
  • Department of Health and Human Services
    • Administers programs protecting the health of Americans.
    • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
      • Sub-agency working to prevent disease spread.
    • National Institutes of Health (NIH)
      • Sub agency that researches medicine/vaccines.
  • Department of Homeland Security
    • Created after 9/11.
    • Improves U.S. security.
    • U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
      • Monitors the Mexican/Canadian border.
    • Transportation Security Administration (TSA).
      • Ensures no weapons/explosives on airplanes.
    • Secret Service.
      • Protects U.S./international political leaders.
  • Independent Executive Agencies
    • Similar to cabinet departments, but operate outside the cabinet structure.
    • Have specialized functions.
    • NASA
      • Responsible for U.S. space exploration, technology, science and research.
    • CIA
      • Gathers/analyzes information on economic, military, political, and scientific matters to safeguard national security.

Independent Regulatory Agencies

  • Government agencies that regulate private businesses.
  • Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
    • Regulates interstate/international communications.
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
    • Protects human health and the environment.
  • Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)
    • Enforces federal consumer laws.
  • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
    • Regulates the offer and sale of securities.
  • Government Corporations
    • Provide services paid for by taxes.
    • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
      • Protects insured deposits in banks.
    • U.S. Postal Service.
      • Provides mail services.

Bureaucrats

  • Civil Servants
    • Civilian workforce of the U.S. government.
    • Hired, not appointed.
  • Political Appointees
    • Serve at the pleasure of the president.
    • Can be removed without cause.
    • Some have fixed terms.
  • Spoils System (1828)
    • Involved filling cabinet positions with loyalists.
  • Civil Service Reform Act (1883)
    • Created the Merit System.
    • Civil servants must pass a departmental exam.

Bureaucracy – Too Powerful

  • Federal agencies can make rules with the power of law.
  • "Red Tape" refers to many governmental rules.
  • Bureaucratic Reforms:
    • Kisor vs Wilkie (2019): Agencies can interpret their own laws.
    • Negotiated Rule Making Act (1990): Improves regulatory process with input from interest groups.
    • Congressional Review Act (1996): Congress can review/disapprove agency rules.
  • Iron Triangle: Policy-making relationship between Congress, interest groups, and the bureaucracy.
  • Bureaucracy=wasteful
    • Government Paper Work Elimination Act (1998).

Supreme Court Process

  • Petitions and Responses: Formal requests for review.
  • Meet in Conference: Justices review petitions and vote.
  • Rule of Four: Four Justices must agree for a Supreme Court review.
  • Writ of Certiorari (Cert): Request for lower court documents.
  • Oral Arguments: Case arguments presented to the Supreme Court.
  • Opinions: Written documents explaining the majority decision (majority opinion) or other justifications (concurring, dissenting opinions).
  • Judicial Review: Federal courts' power to declare government actions unconstitutional.

Marbury v Madison (1803)

  • Judiciary Act of 1801: Created new federal judges.
  • John Marshall: Adams's secretary of state, appointed Chief Justice.
  • William Marbury: Appointed justice of the peace
  • James Madison: Jefferson's Secretary of State, refused to deliver Marbury's commission.
  • Marbury sued Madison
  • Supreme Court determined this part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.
  • Established the principle of judicial review.

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AP Gov Unit 2 Part 2 Study Guide PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential aspects of the U.S. bureaucracy, focusing on the roles and responsibilities of various cabinet departments such as State, Treasury, Defense, and Justice. Understand how these departments help the president in fulfilling his duties and the significance of bureaucrats in the government structure.

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