Governance Evolution
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Questions and Answers

What was the major factor motivating historical travelers to cross great distances?

  • Desire for power and conquest
  • To establish military presence in new territories
  • To spread awareness of environmental issues
  • Desire for a more secure, fulfilling, and enriching life (correct)

    • What significant change occurred in the nineteenth century regarding the behavior in war?

  • The establishment of a global coalition to prevent wars
  • The reduction in the number of wars fought between countries
  • The increase in guerrilla warfare tactics
  • The introduction of the first body of written rules governing warfare (correct)

    • Which group has been added alongside traders and adventurers in the current global context?

  • Consumers seeking quality goods at lower prices (correct)
  • Modern-day soldiers of fortune
  • Traditional warriors from ancient empires
  • Regional governors from various states

    • What negative consequences have arisen from the increased trade and travel activities in the modern era?

    <p>Environmental and health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did governance first begin in the historical context presented?

    <p>By warriors establishing control over territories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What new type of actor in global trade has emerged alongside historical traders?

    <p>Human rights and environmental activists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient ruler proclaimed himself as the 'ruler of the world' according to historical accounts?

    <p>Sargon of Mesopotamia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of globalization currently requires attention from the global community?

    <p>Environmental sustainability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the first significant actions taken by Emperor Justinian regarding trade?

    <p>He promulgated his Digest listing items subject to duty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following entities was established to manage global trade agreements after GATT?

    <p>The World Trade Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common strategy did Chinese emperors employ to maintain their silk trade monopoly?

    <p>They prohibited the export of silkworm eggs and mulberry leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Samuel Slater do to circumvent Britain's textile technology export ban?

    <p>He memorized the technology and recreated it in America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major outcome of the fear of intellectual property theft during the International Exhibition of Inventions?

    <p>Low attendance at the event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agreement was negotiated during the 1986–1994 Uruguay Round focusing on intellectual property rights?

    <p>The Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did empires contribute to the development of governance in trade?

    <p>By establishing a legal system and infrastructure over vast territories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the contentious discussions in the WTO related to TRIPs?

    <p>Conflicting interests in intellectual property rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the innovative systems established by the Mongol Empire to facilitate trade?

    <p>Rudimentary passport and credit card system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major factor contributed to the success of trade among the Jewish diaspora?

    <p>Shared fear of God among co-religionists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant health policy was introduced as a response to the bubonic plague in the fourteenth century?

    <p>Quarantine measures of forty days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization was established in response to growing international public health needs after multiple sanitation conferences?

    <p>World Health Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which challenge hindered long-distance trade between Europe and the Middle East?

    <p>Diverse religious beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did religion play in historical trading practices before the fourteenth century?

    <p>It often determined the rules of conduct among traders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of European powers pursuing direct trade with Asia?

    <p>Voyages of discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the emergence of the Hanseatic League in the fourteenth century?

    <p>To provide armed protection for merchant ships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whose argument evolved the concept of oceans as international space?

    <p>Hugo Grotius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Mongol Empire impact the development of governance related to trade?

    <p>It created a vast network of governance over land trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did technology play in the growth of trade during this period?

    <p>It made long-distance trade more feasible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Treaty of Bern, signed in 1874, establish?

    <p>Common principles for postal communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What global challenge arose as a consequence of expanded trade during the Mongol Empire?

    <p>Spread of the bubonic plague</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant characteristic of the Mongol rule allowed for peaceful coexistence among different religions?

    <p>Secular governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the protest made by the ruler of Makassar regarding naval dominance?

    <p>The earth and sea belong to mankind collectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was established with the introduction of the rudimentary postal service by the Mongols?

    <p>A basis for international mailing systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has caused the United States to reconsider its role in global governance?

    <p>Loss of sovereignty in international agreements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical leaders opted for creating a cooperative world after World War II?

    <p>Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perception change is occurring in the United States regarding globalization?

    <p>A return to isolationist policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact has terrorism had on U.S. foreign policy regarding globalization?

    <p>Stronger focus on national sovereignty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'exceptionalist credo' refer to in the context of U.S. foreign policy?

    <p>A belief in the superiority of American values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential risks mentioned regarding the shift in U.S. global governance involvement?

    <p>A world at risk due to lack of leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the United States initially respond to its position of power at the end of World War II?

    <p>By promoting a cooperative world order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend regarding U.S. preferences in globalization is noted?

    <p>A decreasing willingness to take global responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has historically lagged behind the progress of globalization?

    <p>Global governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has contributed to the evolution of rules and regulations regarding trade and travel?

    <p>The expansion of empires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has intensified the urgency of establishing global rules for globalization today?

    <p>The failure of major players to develop governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activities historically connected disparate human communities over time?

    <p>Trade, exploration, and imperial expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did local rules and traditions play regarding travelers and immigrants historically?

    <p>They imposed varied receptions based on local culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has globalization historically responded to the needs of trade governance?

    <p>By evolving rules that often lag behind the growth of interconnections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a historical consequence of the lack of governance in globalization?

    <p>Increased rates of conflict and competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of governance traditionally developed as trade expanded historically?

    <p>Rules of transaction among traders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was recognized as the world's prime meridian after a significant international agreement?

    <p>Greenwich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major issue has emerged as a significant challenge to globalization due to the lack of global governance?

    <p>The proliferation of nuclear weapons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a major challenge to global governance as described in the text?

    <p>The lack of enforcement mechanisms for agreements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries are included in the ranks of nuclear powers that have emerged since the original five?

    <p>Israel, Pakistan, India, North Korea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary motivation has remained consistent among traders, preachers, adventurers, and soldiers throughout history?

    <p>Aspiration for security and a fulfilling life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major issues hindered the management of time and space with the advent of railways and telegraphs?

    <p>Uncertainty regarding train schedules and unanswered cables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the effect of written rules of behavior in war that emerged in the nineteenth century?

    <p>They had minimal impact on the horrors of warfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treaty was intended to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons but has seen diminishing effectiveness?

    <p>The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the response of the United States regarding the Kyoto Protocol?

    <p>Withdrawn and called it unnecessary and expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does governance play in relation to global trade and conflicts?

    <p>Governance manages regulations over finite spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which international document was adopted by forty-eight members of the United Nations in 1948?

    <p>The Universal Declaration of Human Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultimately complicated the creation of effective global governance in response to the atrocities of war?

    <p>States' reluctance to forfeit sovereignty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which actor in the current global landscape has significantly increased the volume of trade and influenced market dynamics?

    <p>Consumers seeking quality and price</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to the worsening environment and climate change according to the passage?

    <p>Intensified farming and large-scale industrialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of global issues did early governance efforts primarily address?

    <p>Technical challenges in trade and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action has the U.S. taken that reflects its divergence from global participation in managing nuclear and environmental issues?

    <p>Withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative outcomes have arisen from increased interactions between various global actors?

    <p>Empowerment of terrorism and crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the U.S. stance affected global agreements related to nuclear nonproliferation and climate change?

    <p>It has effectively preempted any meaningful global agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the proposed interests that the United States had in establishing a standard of time reckoning in 1882?

    <p>To facilitate better communication globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ruler is noted for having proclaimed himself as the 'ruler of the world' in historical accounts?

    <p>Sargon of ancient Mesopotamia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system established by the Mongols facilitated trade through legal and logistical means?

    <p>Paiza System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of international relations was challenged by the instances of genocide in Rwandan and Bosnian conflicts?

    <p>Enforcement of international humanitarian laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant challenge do the myriad of global problems created by the dramatic increase in trade and travel present?

    <p>The requirement for a unified global response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do senior U.S. strategists like Henry Kissinger and George Shultz express concern about?

    <p>The trend toward nuclear weapon proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way have modern actors compared to historical explorers and traders in terms of scope and impact?

    <p>Modern actors operate on a larger scale with greater numbers and complexities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of the administrative support provided along the Silk Road during the Mongol Empire?

    <p>Moderately regulated with cooperative efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the major results of the bubonic plague's spread through trade routes in the fourteenth century?

    <p>Adoption of mandatory quarantines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the series of international sanitation conferences that began in 1851?

    <p>Establishment of the World Health Organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which socio-political condition in Europe facilitated the emergence of the Hanseatic League in the fourteenth century?

    <p>Increased piracy and maritime lawlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a noticeable characteristic of governance under the Mongol Empire compared to prior empires regarding religion?

    <p>Secular coexistence among diverse faiths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept emerged as a response to the conditions of trade during the Mongol Empire, particularly concerning public health?

    <p>Quarantine protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the governance practices initiated by the Mongols differ from those employed by sea powers in the medieval period?

    <p>Mongols implemented a robust legal framework for trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has historically lagged behind the progress of globalization?

    <p>Governance frameworks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors heightened the urgency for establishing global rules in the present context of globalization?

    <p>Conflicts arising from unregulated interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common strategy employed by ancient rulers to protect their trading interests?

    <p>Imposing taxes on goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did local traditions play for historical travelers in different territories?

    <p>They often dictated the reception of travelers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group has historically contributed to the gradual creation of interconnected society labeled as globalized?

    <p>Traders, preachers, and adventurers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant problem arose from the gap between globalization and governance?

    <p>Increased unilateral actions by states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did historical trade rules evolve slowly according to the content?

    <p>Trade connections developed too rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did rulers and warriors influence the development of trade governance historically?

    <p>By introducing taxes and restrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant impact did the Mongol Empire have on the Silk Road?

    <p>It enhanced the safety and efficiency of trade across Central Asia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary health policy response to the bubonic plague in the fourteenth century?

    <p>Ships were required to quarantine for forty days before docking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What global governance institution emerged as a result of international sanitation efforts?

    <p>World Health Organization (WHO).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Hanseatic League contribute to maritime trade in the fourteenth century?

    <p>By providing armed escorts to protect merchant ships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique governance feature did the Mongol Empire introduce that facilitated trade?

    <p>Inclusion of a rudimentary credit card system known as paiza.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which challenge arose from the increased trade enabled by the Mongol Empire?

    <p>Spreading of the bubonic plague via trading caravans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a characteristic of governance concerning trade before the fourteenth century?

    <p>Religion dictated the rules regulating trade practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the consumer play in the context of modern globalization?

    <p>To find better-quality goods at lower prices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of historical governance is highlighted by the actions of figures like Sargon and Alexander?

    <p>The control over finite territories and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Mongols facilitate peaceful coexistence among various religions?

    <p>Through secularism that allowed for religious tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the expansive trade and travel activities noted in the content?

    <p>The rise of environmental and health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group has historically contributed to the autonomy of trade practices over territorial governance?

    <p>Merchant networks operating independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main challenges posed by increased globalization as mentioned in the content?

    <p>The increased risk of nuclear proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the content describe the motivations of historical actors such as traders and warriors?

    <p>Primarily driven by economic gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change did the emergence of multinationals signify in the global landscape?

    <p>An increase in global competition for goods and services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the behavior of modern soldiers compared to historical warriors according to the content?

    <p>They increasingly fight for global ideologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary significance of the establishment of the International Telegraph Union in Paris in 1865?

    <p>It established regulations for international telecommunication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which location was ultimately agreed upon as the prime meridian in 1882, despite France's preference for another location?

    <p>Greenwich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge complicates global governance efforts in relation to issues of national security?

    <p>States' fears of relinquishing sovereignty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one reason for viewing the acceptance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as 'cost free'?

    <p>There is no enforcement mechanism in place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the technological advancements in communication and transportation create new societal issues?

    <p>By leading to uncertainty regarding time coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'low-hanging fruit of global cooperation' refer to in the context of historical governance efforts?

    <p>Easily achievable technical solutions for global problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mentioning of massive violence against civilians highlight about adherence to international declarations?

    <p>It reflects a gap in practical enforcement of rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of global governance has remained notably unregulated despite increased connectivity?

    <p>Civilian protections during conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant challenge to globalization has emerged due to the lack of global governance?

    <p>The proliferation of nuclear weapons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries expanded the original ranks of nuclear powers beyond the five recognized by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty?

    <p>Israel, Pakistan, India, and North Korea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant action taken by the United States regarding the Kyoto Protocol?

    <p>It signed the protocol and later withdrew</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a major factor in the international community's decreased ability to collectively address threats?

    <p>The declining willingness to confront issues collectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action by the United States has been highlighted as counterproductive to nuclear non-proliferation efforts?

    <p>Withdrawing from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which consequence of globalization is exacerbated by massive population growth and industrialization?

    <p>Worsening environmental conditions and climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been acknowledged as a major challenge in the context of climate change negotiations?

    <p>The refusal of significant nations to commit to action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend has U.S. nuclear strategy demonstrated in the past few years?

    <p>An increase in nuclear weapon development and testing discussions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ### Governance Evolution

    • The earliest forms of governance emerged through powerful figures like warriors and monarchs using their power to manage territories and people.
    • Early examples include Sargon, Alexander of Macedon, and Roman emperors.
    • Governance transitioned to a more formalized structure with the introduction of law, taxes, and organized military forces.
    • The introduction of trade imposed regulations like tariffs, early forms of border control.
    • The Mongol Empire, a large expansive power, had a significant impact on the development of global governance through its trade focus.
    • The Mongol Empire was influential in establishing the Silk Road, an important trade route. It set up a form of governance that assisted land-based trade.
    • The Mongols also established the importance of security through their use of “sentry posts and inns,” which aided in trade and transport.
    • Their interest in trade also led to cultural exchange and the spread of ideas.

    Global Governance

    • The first modern attempts at a global structure were made in the 20th century, driven by the growth of international trade.
    • The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a significant step toward global governance with the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

    ### Global Health Policies

    • The bubonic plague, which spread widely through Europe via trade routes, created a need for global health policies.
    • The first quarantine measures were implemented in 1348, demonstrating the importance of international cooperation for health protection.
    • The International Sanitary Conference, held in Paris in 1851, was a step towards global cooperation on public health.
    • The emergence of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 solidified a global approach to managing public health.

    ### Impact of Trade & Technology

    • The development of seaborne trade presented new challenges and opportunities for governance.
    • The Hanseatic League, established by traders in the 14th century, demonstrated the need for cooperation at sea.
    • Transportation and communications technology shrank distances and boosted trade, leading to a necessity for more established international coordination.
    • The Universal Postal Union, formed in 1874, was a key agreement for coordinating global postal communications.

    ### The U.S. Role in Global Governance

    • The United States, a country deeply shaped by globalization, has been influential in international governance.
    • The United States has promoted global rules and the United Nations.
    • The United States plays a crucial role but has shown hesitancy in taking a leadership role in global governance.
    • The United States, despite its reluctance to take a leading role, faces risks as a result of its stance on international governance.
    • The text emphasizes the need for U.S. leadership and cooperation to address the challenges of a globalized world.

    Globalization & Governance

    • Globalization has existed throughout history but global governance has lagged behind, becoming a more recent phenomenon
    • The gap between globalization and governance is more serious than ever due to growing interconnectedness
    • Lack of global rules risks turning globalization into a harmful force

    History of Globalization & Governance

    • Globalization began when homo sapiens settled in river valleys and connections expanded through trade, exploration, evangelism, and imperial expansion
    • Rules and regulations governing these connections have evolved over time, but they have always lagged behind growing connections
    • Expansion of empires brought rules and regulations across wider territories
    • Preachers and adventurers faced diverse rules and traditions in different lands
    • Rules of behavior in war between countries existed but were not formalized until the 19th century, leading to the devastating consequences of the world wars

    Modern Globalization & Governance

    • Modern globalization has expanded trade and travel to unprecedented levels, driven by various actors
    • Traders now include large multinational corporations seeking global goods and services
    • Soldiers are deployed globally for various reasons including fighting terrorism, civil wars, and defending national ideologies
    • Consumers, a powerful new actor, join the traders of old in seeking better-quality goods at cheaper prices
    • These activities have led to global environmental and health problems, encouraged migration, empowered terrorists, incentivized criminals and increased the risk of nuclear proliferation

    The Challenge of Global Governance

    • Global governance involves regulating people over a finite space, starting with rulers establishing control over territories, resources, taxation, and military recruitment
    • Ancient empires like those of Sargon and Alexander of Macedon extended their control over large territories
    • The Mongol Empire established a vast governance system facilitating trade and transportation using the Silk Road
    • The Mongol Empire's secularism encouraged peaceful coexistence of different religions within its domain
    • Expanded trade during the Mongol Empire resulted in the spread of the bubonic plague, leading to the development of quarantine as an early international public health policy
    • The emergence of states with defined borders facilitated coordinated policies to prevent the spread of communicable diseases
    • International Sanitary Conferences eventually led to the creation of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948, illustrating a successful institution of global governance
    • Seaborne trade was initially vulnerable to piracy and piracy was regulated through the Hanseatic League in the Baltic
    • In the 19th century, the International Telegraph Union was established to manage the increasing demand for global communication
    • Global governance in the 19th century focused on technical solutions to problems like time management and standardization, which were not politically sensitive
    • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948 shows that global governance can address sensitive political issues, but has no enforcement mechanism
    • However, sovereignty and national security continue to challenge global governance, as evident in the Rwandan, Bosnian, and Darfur genocides

    The Growing Need for Global Governance

    • The world has largely been governed without much global governance until recently, but this is no longer sustainable due to the interconnectedness and speed of global transactions
    • The lack of global governance presents significant challenges to the world's security and well-being
    • Key issues demanding urgent attention include the spread of nuclear weapons and the risk of terrorist acquisition, climate change, and global security

    The Challenges of Nuclear Proliferation

    • The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty aimed to eliminate nuclear weapons but the number of nuclear powers has increased
    • Despite calls for a move towards nuclear abolition, the US continues to develop new weapons and withdraw from treaties, creating a dangerous drift toward proliferation
    • This challenge is exacerbated by the fact that the US possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons

    The Challenge of Climate Change

    • Climate change has emerged as a consequence of global interconnectedness
    • Increased population growth has led to intensified farming, industrialization and trade which negatively impact the environment
    • The world's ability and willingness to address climate change collectively is declining
    • The Kyoto Protocol aimed to curb global warming but the US's refusal to ratify it hinders global agreement
    • The US is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, making its cooperation crucial to addressing climate change

    Conclusion

    • The US's refusal to join with the rest of the world on critical issues like nuclear proliferation and climate change undermines the effectiveness of global governance and poses significant risks to global security
    • It is crucial to address the challenges of global governance to ensure a secure and sustainable future for the world

    Globalization and Governance

    • Globalization has been around since history began, but governing the interconnections it creates is a relatively new concept.
    • Globalization has been growing since the dawn of settled civilizations.
    • Trade, religion, travel, and warfare have historically connected dispersed human communities.
    • Rules for interactions evolved but lagged behind growing connections.
    • Rules for international war were only formally written in the 19th century.

    Driving Forces of Global Connections

    • The desire for a better life motivates global interaction.
    • Globalization includes traders, preachers, adventurers, tourists, refugees and emigrants.
    • Globalization has led to a substantial rise in multinational companies and consumer demand.
    • Trade and travel have reached unprecedented levels, creating environmental and health problems.
    • Globalization has also contributed to migration, terrorism, crime, and the risk of nuclear proliferation.

    History of Global Governance

    • Governance originated with warriors controlling territory and resources.
    • The Mongol Empire, a key example of historical governance, facilitated trade via the Silk Road.
    • The Mongol Empire inadvertently facilitated the spread of the bubonic plague in the 14th century.
    • The first International Sanitary Conference was held in 1851, but no agreements were reached.
    • The World Health Organization (WHO) was created in 1948 and serves as one of the most successful institutions of global governance.

    Challenges of Global Governance

    • The rise of states with defined borders led to conditions for coordinated disease prevention policies.
    • Global governance initially focused on technical solutions to problems requiring global efforts.
    • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, was an initial step in human rights protections but lacked real enforcement.
    • Sovereignty and national security are major challenges to achieving global governance.

    Contemporary Challenges to Global Governance

    • The lack of global governance is a major challenge to today's interconnected world.
    • Nuclear proliferation is a significant threat to global security with an increasing number of countries acquiring nuclear weapons.
    • Environmental issues like climate change are a result of global interconnectedness and require global collaboration for solutions.
    • The United States, currently the largest emitter of greenhouse gases and nuclear weapons holder, has resisted international efforts to address both issues.
    • The refusal of the United States to participate in global agreements hinders effective global governance.

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