Gonorrhea
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Questions and Answers

What is the basic anatomy of the urinary tract?

  • Pancreas, spleen, appendix, rectum
  • Heart, lungs, esophagus, gallbladder
  • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra (correct)
  • Liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

    • Which is a common causative agent of bladder infection?

  • Clostridium difficile
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Salmonella enterica
  • Escherichia coli (uropathogenic strains) (correct)

    • Who is more prone to bladder infections?

  • Elderly due to weakened immune system
  • Children due to underdeveloped urinary tract
  • Adult males due to a longer perineum
  • Adult females due to a shorter perineum (correct)

    • What are the types of agents causing genital warts?

    <p>Human Papillomavirus (HPV), types 6 and 11 (low-risk) and 16, 18 (high-risk)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Factor I?

    <p>It is a plasma protease that regulates the complement cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does N. gonorrhoeae interact with macrophages?

    <p>It is able to survive inside the phagosome and modulate apoptosis and cytokine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of N. gonorrhoeae infection on immunological memory?

    <p>It does not generate immunological memory due to antigenic and phase variation of surface structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) in N. gonorrhoeae interactions?

    <p>It promotes pathogen survival by suppressing oxidative burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of N. gonorrhoeae in modulating dendritic cells (DCs)?

    <p>It reduces the immune-activating properties of DCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism through which N. gonorrhoeae enhances its competitive edge in the vaginal microbiome?

    <p>Stimulating NETs, which kill other bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of N. gonorrhoeae on neutrophils?

    <p>It can suppress oxidative burst, promoting pathogen survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of N. gonorrhoeae on T cell proliferation?

    <p>It suppresses T helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by an obligate intracellular pathogen?

    <p>Chlamydia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of gonorrhea?

    <p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection can be prevented with the Gardasil vaccine?

    <p>Genital warts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for syphilis?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection globally?

    <p>Trichomoniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection is associated with poor birth outcomes and impacts pregnancy?

    <p>Trichomoniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of herpes?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection targets CD4+ T cells?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms of gonorrhea in men?

    <p>Urethritis and purulent discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is caused by low-risk types 6 and 11 and high-risk types 16 and 18?

    <p>Genital warts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for chlamydia?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by the lentivirus in the Retroviridae family?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune pathway is triggered by heptose-1,7-bisphosphate (HBP) released by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

    <p>TIFA-dependent innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae evade complement and promote serum resistance?

    <p>By binding complement proteins and sialylating lipooligosaccharide (LOS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can gonorrhea infection lead to, which requires specific treatments?

    <p>Pelvic inflammatory disease and ophthalmia neonatorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can gonorrhea infection lead to reinfection after treatment?

    <p>Through sexual contact with an infected partner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mode of transmission for gonorrhea?

    <p>Sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?

    <p>Adherence to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium-released molecule activates TIFA-dependent innate immunity?

    <p>Heptose-1,7-bisphosphate (HBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can gonorrhea infection lead to, if it spreads to the uterus and fallopian tubes?

    <p>Serious complications requiring antimicrobial treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae promote invasion and evasion of the host immune response?

    <p>By using various surface structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the female vaginal microbiota in the efficiency of gonorrhea transmission?

    <p>Not fully understood, but may involve cooperation in transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of the vaginal discharge commonly associated with gonorrhea?

    <p>Yellowish-white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can gonorrhea infection lead to, if untreated?

    <p>Complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common causative agent of urinary tract infections?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for sexually transmitted infections?

    <p>Skin-to-skin contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of structural differences between the male and female reproductive tracts in relation to infections?

    <p>Structural differences in the reproductive tracts affect the immune response, impacting infection susceptibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sexually transmitted infections is caused by a bacterium?

    <p>Chlamydia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the capacity of the urinary bladder to collect and store urine?

    <p>400–600 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?

    <p>Transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism can invade and form a biofilm in the urinary bladder?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adult females have a 50% chance of getting a urinary tract infection in their lifetime?

    <p>30–40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of urinary tract infections mentioned?

    <p>Cystitis and pyelonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of urinary tract infections in children as they age?

    <p>Decreases with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of recurrent urinary tract infections in adult females?

    <p>Two or more UTIs in 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common nosocomial infection?

    <p>Urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of urinary tract infection is more prevalent in adult females?

    <p>Pyelonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are associated with cystitis?

    <p>Painful or difficult urination and increased frequency of urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk factor in children can lead to urinary tract infections?

    <p>Postponing emptying of the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common causative agent of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection is known as the 'Great Imitator'?

    <p>Syphilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection?

    <p>Genital warts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection can be asymptomatic and transmitted from pregnant mothers to their babies?

    <p>Genital herpes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection targets CD4+ T cells and progresses through different clinical stages?

    <p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infectious disease is the most frequently reported with many cases being asymptomatic?

    <p>Chlamydia trachomatis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of genital warts?

    <p>Human papillomavirus (HPV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by Treponema pallidum?

    <p>Syphilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection can cause various symptoms in infected newborns?

    <p>Syphilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection can present with painless inflammatory reactions?

    <p>Syphilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection is the most common nonviral infection globally?

    <p>Chlamydia trachomatis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection is associated with poor birth outcomes and impacts pregnancy?

    <p>Chlamydia trachomatis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection can be prevented with the Gardasil vaccine?

    <p>Genital warts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune pathway is triggered by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, leading to inflammation and recruitment of neutrophils?

    <p>TIFA-dependent pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of Neisseria gonorrhoeae initial adherence in the human body?

    <p>Genitourinary epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism through which Neisseria gonorrhoeae promotes invasion and evasion of the host immune response?

    <p>Modulation of immune cell functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonies on chocolate agar?

    <p>Yellow, mucoid colonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae evade complement and promote serum resistance?

    <p>Inhibiting opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?

    <p>Inhibiting bacterial replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of gonorrhea from mother to baby during childbirth?

    <p>Transvaginal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection on the male reproductive system?

    <p>Induces orchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential complication of gonorrhea that affects the female reproductive system?

    <p>Salpingitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the vaginal microbiome?

    <p>Enhances competitive edge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of N. gonorrhoeae infection on immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells?

    <p>Activation and recruitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of gonorrhea in women?

    <p>Asymptomatic presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection is characterized by the '4 D's': Discharge, Dysuria, Dyspareunia, and Disagreeable odor?

    <p>Trichomoniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide?

    <p>Trichomoniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of trichomoniasis?

    <p>Trichomonas vaginalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexually transmitted infection is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse and is associated with poor birth outcomes and increased risk for HIV transmission and cervical cancer?

    <p>Trichomoniasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can frequent urination in the elderly be a sign of?

    <p>Urinary tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the '4 D's' associated with trichomoniasis primarily in women over 30?

    <p>Discharge, Dysuria, Dyspareunia, Disagreeable odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the renal arteries?

    <p>Bring unfiltered blood from the heart to the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nephrons?

    <p>Filtering units of the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the collecting duct in the kidneys?

    <p>Reabsorb water and solutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of Trichomoniasis-induced immunomodulation?

    <p>Contribution to pathology and immune evasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of N. gonorrhoeae on adaptive immune responses?

    <p>Suppresses T helper cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of N. gonorrhoeae on neutrophils?

    <p>Suppresses neutrophil activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gonorrhea: Infection and Immune Response

    • Gonorrhea symptoms are usually mild, including painful urination and yellowish-white vaginal discharge.
    • Transmission occurs via sexual contact and can also be spread perinatally during childbirth.
    • Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection involves initial adherence to host cells, replication, invasion, and release of inflammatory fragments.
    • The bacterium releases heptose-1,7-bisphosphate (HBP), activating TIFA-dependent innate immunity and triggering inflammation.
    • The TIFA-dependent pathway can also be triggered by ADP-Hep, which is sensed by ALPK1 to activate NF-kB and induce inflammation.
    • Neisseria gonorrhoeae evades complement and promotes serum resistance and invasion using various surface structures.
    • It binds complement proteins, sialylates lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and interacts with host factors to evade complement recognition and inactivate C3b.
    • The bacterium also uses its surface structures to invade epithelial cells and evade the host immune response.
    • Gonorrhea can lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and ophthalmia neonatorum, which require specific treatments.
    • Gonorrhea infection can lead to reinfection if individuals have sexual contact with an infected partner after receiving treatment.
    • The efficiency of transmission from women to their partners is not fully understood and may involve cooperation of the female vaginal microbiota.
    • Gonorrhea infection can lead to serious complications, including the spread of infection to the uterus and fallopian tubes, requiring antimicrobial treatment.

    Sexually Transmitted Infections and Urinary Tract Infections

    • Neisseria gonorrhoeae can suppress oxidative burst and survive in phagosomes, promoting pathogen survival.
    • N. gonorrhoeae modulates adaptive immune responses, suppresses T helper cell proliferation, and influences cytokine production.
    • Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide, with around 270 million cases per year.
    • Trichomoniasis is characterized by the "4 D's": Discharge, Dysuria, Dyspareunia, and Disagreeable odor, primarily in women over 30.
    • Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of trichomoniasis, is an extracellular protozoan parasite with five flagella and lacks a cyst form.
    • Trichomoniasis is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse and is associated with poor birth outcomes and increased risk for HIV transmission and cervical cancer.
    • Trichomoniasis pathogenesis is characterized by dysbiotic microbiota and the parasite's ability to modulate immunopathogenesis.
    • Trichomoniasis-induced immunomodulation contributes to pathology, HIV spread, and immune evasion.
    • Frequent urination in the elderly can be a sign of urinary tract infection (UTI) and sepsis, as illustrated by the case of Lois, an 87-year-old woman with urosepsis caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
    • The urinary tract removes waste, excess water, and electrolytes, with the kidneys acting as filters to eliminate unwanted small molecules from the blood.
    • The renal arteries bring unfiltered blood from the heart to the kidneys, and the renal veins return renal blood from each kidney to the heart via the inferior vena cava.
    • Nephrons are the filtering units of the kidneys, with each nephron starting at the glomerular capsule and continuing as a long tube that ends in the collecting duct.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of gonorrhea infection and the immune response with this informative quiz. Explore symptoms, transmission, bacterial invasion mechanisms, immune evasion strategies, complications, and treatment of this sexually transmitted infection.

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