88 Questions
What is the basic anatomy of the urinary tract?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Which is a common causative agent of bladder infection?
Escherichia coli (uropathogenic strains)
Who is more prone to bladder infections?
Adult females due to a shorter perineum
What are the types of agents causing genital warts?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), types 6 and 11 (low-risk) and 16, 18 (high-risk)
Which of the following is true about Factor I?
It is a plasma protease that regulates the complement cascade
How does N. gonorrhoeae interact with macrophages?
It is able to survive inside the phagosome and modulate apoptosis and cytokine production
What is the impact of N. gonorrhoeae infection on immunological memory?
It does not generate immunological memory due to antigenic and phase variation of surface structures
What is the function of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) in N. gonorrhoeae interactions?
It promotes pathogen survival by suppressing oxidative burst
What is the role of N. gonorrhoeae in modulating dendritic cells (DCs)?
It reduces the immune-activating properties of DCs
What is the mechanism through which N. gonorrhoeae enhances its competitive edge in the vaginal microbiome?
Stimulating NETs, which kill other bacteria
What is the effect of N. gonorrhoeae on neutrophils?
It can suppress oxidative burst, promoting pathogen survival
What is the impact of N. gonorrhoeae on T cell proliferation?
It suppresses T helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cell proliferation
Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by an obligate intracellular pathogen?
Chlamydia
What is the causative agent of gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Which sexually transmitted infection can be prevented with the Gardasil vaccine?
Genital warts
What is the primary treatment for syphilis?
Penicillin
What is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection globally?
Trichomoniasis
Which sexually transmitted infection is associated with poor birth outcomes and impacts pregnancy?
Trichomoniasis
What is the causative agent of herpes?
Herpes simplex virus
Which sexually transmitted infection targets CD4+ T cells?
HIV
What are the common symptoms of gonorrhea in men?
Urethritis and purulent discharge
Which infection is caused by low-risk types 6 and 11 and high-risk types 16 and 18?
Genital warts
What is the primary treatment for chlamydia?
Antibiotics
Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by the lentivirus in the Retroviridae family?
HIV
Which immune pathway is triggered by heptose-1,7-bisphosphate (HBP) released by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
TIFA-dependent innate immunity
How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae evade complement and promote serum resistance?
By binding complement proteins and sialylating lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
What can gonorrhea infection lead to, which requires specific treatments?
Pelvic inflammatory disease and ophthalmia neonatorum
How can gonorrhea infection lead to reinfection after treatment?
Through sexual contact with an infected partner
What is the main mode of transmission for gonorrhea?
Sexual contact
What is the initial step in Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?
Adherence to host cells
Which bacterium-released molecule activates TIFA-dependent innate immunity?
Heptose-1,7-bisphosphate (HBP)
What can gonorrhea infection lead to, if it spreads to the uterus and fallopian tubes?
Serious complications requiring antimicrobial treatment
How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae promote invasion and evasion of the host immune response?
By using various surface structures
What is the role of the female vaginal microbiota in the efficiency of gonorrhea transmission?
Not fully understood, but may involve cooperation in transmission
What is the color of the vaginal discharge commonly associated with gonorrhea?
Yellowish-white
What can gonorrhea infection lead to, if untreated?
Complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease
Which of the following is a common causative agent of urinary tract infections?
Escherichia coli
What is the primary mode of transmission for sexually transmitted infections?
Skin-to-skin contact
What is the significance of structural differences between the male and female reproductive tracts in relation to infections?
Structural differences in the reproductive tracts affect the immune response, impacting infection susceptibility
Which of the following sexually transmitted infections is caused by a bacterium?
Chlamydia
What is the capacity of the urinary bladder to collect and store urine?
400–600 ml
What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
Transitional epithelium
Which organism can invade and form a biofilm in the urinary bladder?
E. coli
What percentage of adult females have a 50% chance of getting a urinary tract infection in their lifetime?
30–40%
What are the two types of urinary tract infections mentioned?
Cystitis and pyelonephritis
What is the prevalence of urinary tract infections in children as they age?
Decreases with age
What is the definition of recurrent urinary tract infections in adult females?
Two or more UTIs in 6 months
What is the most common nosocomial infection?
Urinary tract infections
Which type of urinary tract infection is more prevalent in adult females?
Pyelonephritis
What symptoms are associated with cystitis?
Painful or difficult urination and increased frequency of urination
What risk factor in children can lead to urinary tract infections?
Postponing emptying of the bladder
What is the most common causative agent of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections?
Escherichia coli
Which sexually transmitted infection is known as the 'Great Imitator'?
Syphilis
What is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection?
Genital warts
Which sexually transmitted infection can be asymptomatic and transmitted from pregnant mothers to their babies?
Genital herpes
Which sexually transmitted infection targets CD4+ T cells and progresses through different clinical stages?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Which sexually transmitted infectious disease is the most frequently reported with many cases being asymptomatic?
Chlamydia trachomatis
What is the causative agent of genital warts?
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by Treponema pallidum?
Syphilis
Which sexually transmitted infection can cause various symptoms in infected newborns?
Syphilis
Which sexually transmitted infection can present with painless inflammatory reactions?
Syphilis
Which sexually transmitted infection is the most common nonviral infection globally?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Which sexually transmitted infection is associated with poor birth outcomes and impacts pregnancy?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Which sexually transmitted infection can be prevented with the Gardasil vaccine?
Genital warts
Which immune pathway is triggered by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, leading to inflammation and recruitment of neutrophils?
TIFA-dependent pathway
What is the primary site of Neisseria gonorrhoeae initial adherence in the human body?
Genitourinary epithelium
What is the mechanism through which Neisseria gonorrhoeae promotes invasion and evasion of the host immune response?
Modulation of immune cell functions
What is the characteristic appearance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonies on chocolate agar?
Yellow, mucoid colonies
How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae evade complement and promote serum resistance?
Inhibiting opsonization
What is the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection?
Inhibiting bacterial replication
What is the mode of transmission of gonorrhea from mother to baby during childbirth?
Transvaginal transmission
What is the impact of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection on the male reproductive system?
Induces orchitis
What is the potential complication of gonorrhea that affects the female reproductive system?
Salpingitis
What is the role of the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the vaginal microbiome?
Enhances competitive edge
What is the impact of N. gonorrhoeae infection on immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells?
Activation and recruitment
What is the characteristic symptom of gonorrhea in women?
Asymptomatic presentation
Which sexually transmitted infection is characterized by the '4 D's': Discharge, Dysuria, Dyspareunia, and Disagreeable odor?
Trichomoniasis
What is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide?
Trichomoniasis
What is the causative agent of trichomoniasis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Which sexually transmitted infection is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse and is associated with poor birth outcomes and increased risk for HIV transmission and cervical cancer?
Trichomoniasis
What can frequent urination in the elderly be a sign of?
Urinary tract infection
What are the '4 D's' associated with trichomoniasis primarily in women over 30?
Discharge, Dysuria, Dyspareunia, Disagreeable odor
What is the function of the renal arteries?
Bring unfiltered blood from the heart to the kidneys
What are nephrons?
Filtering units of the kidneys
What is the role of the collecting duct in the kidneys?
Reabsorb water and solutes
What is the impact of Trichomoniasis-induced immunomodulation?
Contribution to pathology and immune evasion
What is the impact of N. gonorrhoeae on adaptive immune responses?
Suppresses T helper cell proliferation
What is the impact of N. gonorrhoeae on neutrophils?
Suppresses neutrophil activity
Study Notes
Gonorrhea: Infection and Immune Response
- Gonorrhea symptoms are usually mild, including painful urination and yellowish-white vaginal discharge.
- Transmission occurs via sexual contact and can also be spread perinatally during childbirth.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection involves initial adherence to host cells, replication, invasion, and release of inflammatory fragments.
- The bacterium releases heptose-1,7-bisphosphate (HBP), activating TIFA-dependent innate immunity and triggering inflammation.
- The TIFA-dependent pathway can also be triggered by ADP-Hep, which is sensed by ALPK1 to activate NF-kB and induce inflammation.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae evades complement and promotes serum resistance and invasion using various surface structures.
- It binds complement proteins, sialylates lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and interacts with host factors to evade complement recognition and inactivate C3b.
- The bacterium also uses its surface structures to invade epithelial cells and evade the host immune response.
- Gonorrhea can lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and ophthalmia neonatorum, which require specific treatments.
- Gonorrhea infection can lead to reinfection if individuals have sexual contact with an infected partner after receiving treatment.
- The efficiency of transmission from women to their partners is not fully understood and may involve cooperation of the female vaginal microbiota.
- Gonorrhea infection can lead to serious complications, including the spread of infection to the uterus and fallopian tubes, requiring antimicrobial treatment.
Sexually Transmitted Infections and Urinary Tract Infections
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae can suppress oxidative burst and survive in phagosomes, promoting pathogen survival.
- N. gonorrhoeae modulates adaptive immune responses, suppresses T helper cell proliferation, and influences cytokine production.
- Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide, with around 270 million cases per year.
- Trichomoniasis is characterized by the "4 D's": Discharge, Dysuria, Dyspareunia, and Disagreeable odor, primarily in women over 30.
- Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of trichomoniasis, is an extracellular protozoan parasite with five flagella and lacks a cyst form.
- Trichomoniasis is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse and is associated with poor birth outcomes and increased risk for HIV transmission and cervical cancer.
- Trichomoniasis pathogenesis is characterized by dysbiotic microbiota and the parasite's ability to modulate immunopathogenesis.
- Trichomoniasis-induced immunomodulation contributes to pathology, HIV spread, and immune evasion.
- Frequent urination in the elderly can be a sign of urinary tract infection (UTI) and sepsis, as illustrated by the case of Lois, an 87-year-old woman with urosepsis caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli.
- The urinary tract removes waste, excess water, and electrolytes, with the kidneys acting as filters to eliminate unwanted small molecules from the blood.
- The renal arteries bring unfiltered blood from the heart to the kidneys, and the renal veins return renal blood from each kidney to the heart via the inferior vena cava.
- Nephrons are the filtering units of the kidneys, with each nephron starting at the glomerular capsule and continuing as a long tube that ends in the collecting duct.
Test your knowledge of gonorrhea infection and the immune response with this informative quiz. Explore symptoms, transmission, bacterial invasion mechanisms, immune evasion strategies, complications, and treatment of this sexually transmitted infection.
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