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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the MOST likely consequence of stenotic nares in brachycephalic breeds?
Which of the following is the MOST likely consequence of stenotic nares in brachycephalic breeds?
- Decreased risk of upper respiratory infections.
- Reduced airflow and increased respiratory effort. (correct)
- Increased tidal volume during respiration.
- Enhanced ability to cool down through panting.
The guttural pouch, found in some mammals, is MOST closely associated with which anatomical structure?
The guttural pouch, found in some mammals, is MOST closely associated with which anatomical structure?
- Trachea
- Larynx
- Turbinates
- Pharynx (correct)
Which anatomical landmark is NOT a border of Viborg's triangle, used for surgical access to the guttural pouch in horses?
Which anatomical landmark is NOT a border of Viborg's triangle, used for surgical access to the guttural pouch in horses?
- Ramus of the mandible
- Sternomandibularis muscle
- Linguofacial vein
- Parotid salivary gland (correct)
A veterinarian is examining a horse with suspected guttural pouch mycosis. Which diagnostic procedure would provide the MOST direct visualization of the fungal plaques within the pouch?
A veterinarian is examining a horse with suspected guttural pouch mycosis. Which diagnostic procedure would provide the MOST direct visualization of the fungal plaques within the pouch?
A dog presents with epistaxis and a mass in its right nasal cavity. Which of the following is the MOST likely differential diagnosis based solely on these clinical signs?
A dog presents with epistaxis and a mass in its right nasal cavity. Which of the following is the MOST likely differential diagnosis based solely on these clinical signs?
In a rabbit diagnosed with chronic rhinitis due to Pasteurella multocida, what pathological change is MOST likely to be observed in the nasal turbinates?
In a rabbit diagnosed with chronic rhinitis due to Pasteurella multocida, what pathological change is MOST likely to be observed in the nasal turbinates?
Which of the following anatomical abnormalities is LEAST likely to be associated with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS)?
Which of the following anatomical abnormalities is LEAST likely to be associated with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS)?
A veterinarian is treating a horse for guttural pouch empyema. Which of the following complications is MOST likely to arise if the condition is left untreated?
A veterinarian is treating a horse for guttural pouch empyema. Which of the following complications is MOST likely to arise if the condition is left untreated?
What is the primary underlying issue in Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)?
What is the primary underlying issue in Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)?
Which of the following structures is NOT directly associated with the upper respiratory tract and commonly affected by BOAS?
Which of the following structures is NOT directly associated with the upper respiratory tract and commonly affected by BOAS?
A veterinarian is preparing to intubate a cat. What pre- Intubation measure is particularly important in cats to prevent laryngeal spasms?
A veterinarian is preparing to intubate a cat. What pre- Intubation measure is particularly important in cats to prevent laryngeal spasms?
What is the primary pathological change seen in the trachea of a dog diagnosed with tracheal collapse?
What is the primary pathological change seen in the trachea of a dog diagnosed with tracheal collapse?
Which of the following best describes the location of the alveoli within the respiratory system?
Which of the following best describes the location of the alveoli within the respiratory system?
In a foal diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia due to hematogenous spread, what is the most likely route of infection?
In a foal diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia due to hematogenous spread, what is the most likely route of infection?
What is the primary underlying mechanism that causes airway constriction in feline asthma?
What is the primary underlying mechanism that causes airway constriction in feline asthma?
Why is it crucial to ensure a patient can swallow properly before removing an endotracheal tube (ETT) after a surgical procedure?
Why is it crucial to ensure a patient can swallow properly before removing an endotracheal tube (ETT) after a surgical procedure?
How does the avian respiratory system facilitate more efficient oxygen exchange compared to the mammalian respiratory system?
How does the avian respiratory system facilitate more efficient oxygen exchange compared to the mammalian respiratory system?
Unlike mammals, birds lack certain anatomical structures in their respiratory system. Which of the following structures is absent in birds?
Unlike mammals, birds lack certain anatomical structures in their respiratory system. Which of the following structures is absent in birds?
In mammals, contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to inhalation. What mechanical change does this cause in the thoracic cavity?
In mammals, contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles leads to inhalation. What mechanical change does this cause in the thoracic cavity?
Which of the following is true regarding how the avian syrinx produces sound?
Which of the following is true regarding how the avian syrinx produces sound?
Which statement accurately describes the control of breathing in mammals?
Which statement accurately describes the control of breathing in mammals?
How do stretch receptors in the lungs contribute to the mechanical control of breathing?
How do stretch receptors in the lungs contribute to the mechanical control of breathing?
In the context of chemical control of breathing, what is the primary role of chemoreceptors?
In the context of chemical control of breathing, what is the primary role of chemoreceptors?
Domestic animals, such as cats and dogs, have different lung lobe configurations. How do the lung lobes typically differ between the left and right lungs in a domestic animal such as a dog?
Domestic animals, such as cats and dogs, have different lung lobe configurations. How do the lung lobes typically differ between the left and right lungs in a domestic animal such as a dog?
Flashcards
Upper Respiratory Tract
Upper Respiratory Tract
The upper part of the respiratory system, including the nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx.
Guttural Pouches
Guttural Pouches
Paired air-filled outpouchings of the eustachian tubes in Equidae (horses, donkeys, etc.).
Viborg's Triangle
Viborg's Triangle
Anatomical landmark providing surgical access to the guttural pouch in horses, defined by the ramus of the mandible, the sternomandibularis muscle, and the linguofacial vein.
Rhinitis/Rhinotracheitis
Rhinitis/Rhinotracheitis
Inflammation of the nasal passages, often caused by bacteria, viruses, tumors, foreign bodies or parasites.
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Epistaxis
Epistaxis
Nose bleed.
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Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome
Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome
Breathing difficulty in dogs and cats due to shortened head anatomy.
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Brachycephalic Issues
Brachycephalic Issues
Elongated soft palate, stenotic nares, and hypoplastic trachea.
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Turbinates
Turbinates
Thin, scroll-like bones in the nasal cavity covered by respiratory epithelium, that help to warm and humidify inhaled air.
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BOAS
BOAS
A syndrome common in brachycephalic breeds (short-nosed) characterized by upper airway obstruction. Breeds include: Bulldogs and Pugs.
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Stenotic Nares
Stenotic Nares
Narrowed nostrils that restrict airflow.
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Everted Laryngeal Saccules
Everted Laryngeal Saccules
Protrusion of the laryngeal saccules into the airway, further obstructing airflow.
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Glottis
Glottis
The opening between the vocal cords in the larynx.
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Intubation
Intubation
Using a tube to maintain an open airway.
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Trachea
Trachea
The windpipe; a tube that carries air from the larynx to the lungs.
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Bronchitis
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi.
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs, typically due to infection, where the alveoli fill with fluid.
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Mammalian Lung Lobes
Mammalian Lung Lobes
Most domestic animals have 2 lobes on the left lung and 4 on the right, while horses have 2 on the left and 3 on the right.
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Avian Respiratory System
Avian Respiratory System
Birds have air sacs, one-way air flow and no diaphragm.
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Avian Airflow
Avian Airflow
Unidirectional airflow through parabronchi capillaries positioned at 90 degrees.
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Syrinx
Syrinx
An enlargement where the trachea bifurcates, enabling birds to produce two-toned calls.
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Exhalation (Expiration)
Exhalation (Expiration)
Diaphragm relaxes, internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract, compressing the thoracic cavity.
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Inhalation (Inspiration)
Inhalation (Inspiration)
Diaphragm contracts, external intercostal muscles lift ribs up and out, expanding the thoracic cavity.
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Brainstem Control of Breathing
Brainstem Control of Breathing
Pons controls rate; medulla oblongata controls inspiration, expiration and breath holding.
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Mechanical Control of Breathing
Mechanical Control of Breathing
Stretch receptors in the lungs regulate the normal breathing pattern.
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Learning Objectives
- List the structure and functions of the upper respiratory tract components
- Discuss the main issues of animals with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome
- List the structure and functions of the lower respiratory tract components
- Describe the structure and function of the avian respiratory system
- Describe the events that occur during inspiration and expiration
- List the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration
- Define tidal volume, minute volume, and residual volume
- Describe the processes of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the alveoli and the blood
Upper Respiratory Tract
- Includes (but is not limited to) the frontal sinus, nasal cavity, turbinates, hard palate, pharynx, tongue, soft palate, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, and esophagus.
Gutteral Pouch
- Found in odd-toed mammals and bats
- It's epithelium is similar to the one in the respiratory track
- Surrounded by the parotid and mandibular salivary glands
Viborg's Triangle
- Used for surgical access to the guttural pouch.
- Key anatomical boundaries include:
- Ramus of the mandible rostrally
- Sternomandibularis muscle
- Linguofacial vein
Clinical Issues of Upper Respiratory Tract
- Can be associated with bacteria, viruses, tumors, foreign bodies, parasites, and/or anatomy
- Rhinitis or rhinotracheitis can occur
Chronic Rhinitis
- Can be seen in rabbits
- The bacteria Pasteurella multocida is a potential cause
- Nasal turbinate tumor is also a possibility
- Epistaxis is a potential sign
Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)
- Issues include an elongated soft palate, stenotic nares, and hypoplastic trachea
- Nasal turbinates can be aberrant rostrally
- Enlarged alar folds can fall medially onto the nasal septum
Stenotic Nares Correction
- Surgery can widen nostril size in affected animals
- Applicable to pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs
Larynx
- Important landmarks are glottis, epiglottis, arytenoid cartilage/fold, vocal fold/cord
- Laryngeal folds can be paralyzed in cats
Intubation
- Lidocaine spray should be applied to cats before intubation
- Can cause spasm of the larynx
Trachea
- Can collapse on itself
Lower Respiratory Tract
- Bronchial tree is part of this area along with the lungs
- Consists of the trachea, cartilage rings/plates, and a left primary bronchus
- Includes secondary and tertiary bronchi and bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchiole, terminal bronchiole, and alveoli in the pulmonary lobule present
Bronchial Tree Diseases
- Bronchitis is a lower airway disease
Alveolar Diseases
- Pneumonia
Alveoli
- When clustered in groups they are called alveolar sacs
- Made up of 1 alveolus or 2 alveoli
Feline Asthma
- An airway disease in cats
Aspiration Pneumonia
- Can be caused by foreign material being breathed in
- Also be carefully giving oral liquid meds such as barium
- Ensure the patient is able to swallow before removing the endotracheal tube (ETT)
Mammalian Lungs
- Most domestic animals have 2 lobes on the left and 4 lobes on the right
- Horses have 2 lobes on either side
Avian Respiratory System
- Differences compared to mammals consist of air sacs (5 cranial, 4 caudal) + lungs
- Shows a simplified model to flow one-way through lungs
- One-way air flow model and capillaries in parabronchi flow at 90 degrees
Avian Respiratory System Differences
- No soft palate
- Have soft and pliable Choana
- No epiglottis
- Has no Vocal cords, only the Syrinx and Tracheal cartilages
- No diaphragm
Syrinx
- An enlargement of the trachea where it bifurcates
- Contains vibrating walls
- Each side vibrates independently to create 2 toned calls
Respiration
- Inspiration is inhalation
- Expiration is exhalation
Inspiration
- Diaphragm contracts, moving from a dome to flat position
- External intercostal muscles contraction lifts
Expiration
- Diaphragm relaxes
- Internal intercostal muscles contract, rotates the ribs back and down
- Abdominal muscles may assist if need
Control of Breathing
- Part of the pons (brainstem) controls the rate of breathing
- Medulla separates centres for inspires, expels, and holding breath
- Respiratory muscles receive efferent messages sent by the subconscious
- Can be overridden by conscious mind
Mechanical Control
- Stretch receptors in the lungs
- Normal breathing pattern
- Pre-set points
Chemical Control
- Homeostasis!
- Monitors CO2, pH, and O2 in arterial blood
- Chemoreceptors located heart, carotid arteries, and medulla in the aorta
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