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Questions and Answers
What are glycoproteins primarily composed of?
What are glycoproteins primarily composed of?
- Complex carbohydrates and nucleic acids
- A glycosylated lipid and a protein
- A protein with one or more oligosaccharides linked (correct)
- Single sugar molecules linked together
What is the primary role of lectins?
What is the primary role of lectins?
- To recognize sugar sequences on cell surfaces (correct)
- To form structural components of the cell membrane
- To transport hormones across membranes
- To degrade oligosaccharides in the extracellular matrix
Which of the following best describes proteoglycans?
Which of the following best describes proteoglycans?
- Composed solely of glycoproteins without any external linkages
- Proteins with short fatty acid chains attached
- Only found in the cytoplasm of cells
- Macromolecules that include GAG chains linked to membrane proteins (correct)
What role do glycolipids play in biological systems?
What role do glycolipids play in biological systems?
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How does cholera toxin affect human cells?
How does cholera toxin affect human cells?
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Study Notes
Glyconjugates
- Sugars are linked to proteins or lipids forming glycoconjugates.
- Proteoglycans: Large molecules found on cell surfaces or within the extracellular matrix. They consist of a protein core with long chains of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached.
- Glycoproteins: Proteins with one or more oligosaccharide chains linked to them.
- Glycolipids: Lipids with oligosaccharide chains attached to their polar head group.
Proteins
- Proteoglycans: A major component of the extracellular matrix, they form aggregates with hyaluronic acid.
- Integrins: Proteins that link the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, enabling communication between the cell exterior and interior.
- Collagen, Fibronectin, Elastin, and Proteoglycans: These components work together to create the extracellular matrix, providing structural support and organization to tissues.
- Actin Filaments: Form the cytoskeleton, providing structure and shape to cells. These filaments also connect to integrins, further linking the extracellular matrix and the cell interior.
Glycoproteins
- Glycoproteins: Found on the exterior of cell membranes, they play various roles.
- Glycoforin A: A glycoprotein found in red blood cell membranes.
- Hormones (FSH, LH): Examples of glycoproteins that function as hormones.
- Immunoglobulins: Antibodies that are also glycoproteins.
Glycolipids
- Glycolipids: Membrane lipids with oligosaccharide chains as a key component of their polar head groups, interacting with proteins on the membrane's exterior.
- Gangliosides: A specific type of glycolipid with a complex carbohydrate structure, important for cell recognition and signaling.
- Blood Groups: Glycolipids play a crucial role in determining blood types.
Lectins
- Lectins: Proteins that bind specifically to sugar sequences, found on cell membranes.
- Influenza Virus: Recognizes host cell sugars using lectins to gain entry.
- Herpes Virus: Also uses lectins for binding and infection.
- P-selectins: Lectins that slow down lymphocytes, allowing the immune system to target inflamed blood vessels.
Toxin
- Cholera toxin: Recognizes oligosaccharides of gangliosides on enterocytes, leading to the severe symptoms of cholera.
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