15 Questions
Where does glycolysis primarily occur in most organisms?
Cytosol
What are the high-energy molecules formed as a result of glycolysis?
ATP and NADH
Which pathway is the most common type of glycolysis?
Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway
What conditions can support the occurrence of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway without the presence of enzymes?
Oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans
Who discovered the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway, the most common type of glycolysis?
Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas
Which molecule is formed from the free energy released in glycolysis?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
In which part of the cell does glycolysis typically occur?
Cytosol
Which pathway is the most common type of glycolysis?
Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway
What indicates that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway?
Wide occurrence in other species
Under what conditions can the reactions of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway occur in the absence of enzymes?
Oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans
What is the C4 carbon fixation pathway and how does it differ from the C3 carbon fixation pathway?
The C4 carbon fixation pathway is an addition to the ancestral and more common C3 carbon fixation pathway. It reduces photorespiration by concentrating CO2 around RuBisCO, the main carboxylating enzyme, in order to enable it to work in an environment with a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen.
Who were the scientists credited with the discovery of the C4 carbon fixation pathway?
Marshall Davidson Hatch and Charles Roger Slack were credited with the discovery of the C4 carbon fixation pathway.
What is the role of RuBisCO in C3 photosynthesis?
RuBisCO is the main carboxylating enzyme in C3 photosynthesis. It catalyses two distinct reactions using either CO2 (carboxylation) or oxygen (oxygenation) as a substrate.
How does C4 photosynthesis reduce photorespiration?
C4 photosynthesis reduces photorespiration by concentrating CO2 around RuBisCO, thereby minimizing the oxygenation reaction and the formation of toxic phosphoglycolate.
What compartments do C4 leaves generally contain to enable RuBisCO to work in an environment with a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen?
C4 leaves generally contain two partially isolated compartments called mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells to enable RuBisCO to work in such an environment.
Study Notes
Glycolysis
- Primarily occurs in the cytosol of most organisms
- Forms high-energy molecules such as ATP and NADH as a result
- The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway
- Can occur without enzymes under high temperatures and alkaline conditions
- The EMP pathway was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas
Energy Production
- The free energy released in glycolysis is used to form ATP
- Glycolysis typically occurs in the cytosol of cells
Evolution of Glycolysis
- The universality of glycolysis across species indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway
Alternative Carbon Fixation Pathways
- The C4 carbon fixation pathway differs from the C3 carbon fixation pathway in that it adds a CO2-fixing step, which reduces photorespiration
- The C4 pathway was discovered by Marshall Davidson Hatch and Charles Roger Slack
- RuBisCO plays a crucial role in C3 photosynthesis by fixing CO2 into a three-carbon molecule
- C4 photosynthesis reduces photorespiration by compartmentalizing RuBisCO in bundle sheath cells, which have a high CO2 and low O2 environment
Test your knowledge of glycolysis with this quiz. Explore the ten reactions, enzymes, and the formation of ATP and NADH in this essential metabolic pathway.
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