Glycolysis Quiz

The enzyme responsible for cleaving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) into two triose sugars: dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). This reaction is reversible and not regulated.

The enzyme responsible for converting dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). This isomerization results in a net production of two G3P molecules from one F1,6BP.

The enzyme responsible for oxidizing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) and reducing NAD+ to NADH. This is the first oxidation-reduction reaction in glycolysis.

The enzyme responsible for transferring a phosphate group from 1,3-BPG to ADP, forming 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) and producing ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation.

The enzyme responsible for shifting the phosphate group in 3-PG from carbon 3 to carbon 2, forming 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG).

The enzyme responsible for dehydrating 2-PG to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which contains a high-energy enol phosphate.

The enzyme responsible for converting PEP to pyruvate, producing ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.

The chemical reaction that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis and the TCA cycle.

A multi-enzyme complex located within the mitochondrial matrix, it catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

The process by which pyruvate dehydrogenase is activated or inhibited, influenced by cellular energy levels and signaling molecules.

A key molecule in metabolism, produced from the oxidation of pyruvate. It fuels the TCA cycle, generating energy for the cell.

The first step in the TCA cycle, involving the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate.

The second step in the TCA cycle, where citrate is isomerized to isocitrate. This reaction prepares the molecule for the next step.

A potent inhibitor of the TCA cycle. It is a strong compound that can disrupt the normal functioning of the cycle.

A key enzyme involved in the TCA cycle that converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate. This is an irreversible reaction, ensuring proper flow in the cycle.

Glucose transporters in liver and pancreatic beta cells have a high Km value, meaning they require a high concentration of glucose to be saturated and function effectively.

Glucose transporters in pancreatic beta cells have a low Km value, allowing them to take up glucose effectively even when blood glucose levels are low. This is important for insulin secretion.

GLUT4 is a type of glucose transporter that is primarily found in muscle and fat cells. It is insulin-sensitive, meaning that insulin promotes its translocation to the cell membrane, increasing glucose uptake.

The liver expresses high levels of GLUT2, which has a high Km and allows it to sense blood glucose fluctuations. Low levels of GLUT1 ensure a constant supply of glucose when levels are low.

Glycolysis is an energy-producing metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate. It occurs in two phases: a preparative phase and an ATP-generating phase.

The preparative phase of glycolysis involves 5 reactions that prepare glucose for the energy-producing phase. It requires energy in the form of ATP.

The ATP-generating phase of glycolysis involves 5 reactions that produce ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. It generates a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

Anaerobic glycolysis is a form of glycolysis that occurs without oxygen. The end product is lactate, which is produced when pyruvate is reduced by NADH.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, releasing free glucose into the bloodstream, primarily in the liver. This reaction marks the end of glycolysis in the liver.

An enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis, catalyzing the conversion of glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate, which is an important intermediate in the process.

An enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis, responsible for the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), a key intermediate in glycolysis.

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids.

The active form of glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated. This enzyme breaks down glycogen, releasing glucose-1-phosphate.

The active form of glycogen synthase is unphosphorylated. This enzyme synthesizes glycogen from glucose.

The conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate is an important step in glycogen metabolism. This reaction allows glucose-1-phosphate to enter the glycolytic pathway.

This enzyme helps in the breakdown of glycogen, but is not the main enzyme responsible for its degredation.

An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of glucose molecules to a growing glycogen chain, forming alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, and releasing UDP.

A regulatory molecule that activates glycogen synthase in both liver and muscle cells, promoting glycogen synthesis.

A hormone that upregulates glycogen synthase in the liver, stimulating glycogen synthesis.

A hormone that downregulates glycogen synthase in the liver, inhibiting glycogen synthesis.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of branches in a glycogen chain by creating alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds.

An enzyme that breaks down glycogen by removing glucose units from the non-reducing ends, requiring phosphate and releasing glucose-1-phosphate.

The active form of vitamin B6, which serves as a coenzyme for glycogen phosphorylase.

An allosteric inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase in the liver, decreasing glycogen breakdown.

Inhibits glycogen phosphorylase in both liver and muscle, decreasing glycogen breakdown.

An inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase in both liver and muscle, decreasing glycogen breakdown.

A hormone that upregulates glycogen phosphorylase in the liver, promoting glycogen breakdown.

A hormone that upregulates glycogen phosphorylase in both liver and muscle, promoting glycogen breakdown.

An activator of glycogen phosphorylase in muscle, promoting glycogen breakdown during muscle contraction.

An activator of glycogen phosphorylase in muscle, promoting glycogen breakdown when energy levels are low.

A process that removes branches created by the branching enzyme from the glycogen chain, making the glucose residues accessible to glycogen phosphorylase.

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle, producing FADH2.

The enzyme responsible for the hydration of fumarate to produce malate in the TCA cycle, requiring water.

The enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle, producing NADH.

The enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a key step in replenishing the TCA cycle.

The first complex in the electron transport chain (ETC), accepting electrons from NADH.

The second complex in the ETC, accepting electrons from FADH2.

A mobile electron carrier that shuttles electrons between complexes in the ETC.

The third complex in the ETC, accepting electrons from CoQ and transferring them to cytochrome c.

The final complex in the ETC, accepting electrons from cytochrome c and transferring them to oxygen.

An enzyme that utilizes the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi.

A transporter responsible for shuttling ADP and Pi into the mitochondrial matrix and ATP out.

The enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate.

A protein that initiates the formation of glycogen by adding UDP-glucose units.

A component of the electron transport chain that is not a protein complex.

The enzyme responsible for the first step in the TCA cycle.

An enzyme that is part of both the TCA cycle and the ETC.