Glycolysis in Cellular Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

To break down sugar and produce ATP (correct)

To produce glucose

To synthesize oxygen

To oxidize pyruvate

Which of the following is NOT an input for glycolysis?

Glucose

2 FADH2 (correct)

2 NAD+

2 ATP

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH (correct)

1 Glucose and 4 ADP

4 Pyruvate and 2 ATP

2 NAD+ and 2 ATP

Where does the glycolysis process take place within the cell?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?

It serves as a high-energy carrier molecule Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes endergonic reactions?

They require a coupling with exorganic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular respiration?

To act as an energy-carrying molecule. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cellular respiration, which of the following is a product of the reaction ADP + Pi?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct result of utilizing ATP in muscle contraction?

Formation of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Signup and view all the answers

What role do exorganic reactions play in relation to endergonic reactions?

They supply energy that endergonic reactions require to occur. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle?

To fix carbon dioxide into an organic form Signup and view all the answers

How many carbon atoms are fixed during one complete cycle of the Calvin cycle?

1 Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule serves as the initial stable product formed when CO₂ is fixed in the Calvin cycle?

PGA Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of ATP molecules required in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle for glucose synthesis?

6 Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT an input required for the Calvin cycle to function?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for capturing light energy in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Antenna Complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis?

To convert ATP and NADPH into glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following wavelengths is most efficiently absorbed by chlorophyll A?

680 nm Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a photon of light strikes an electron in a photosynthetic pigment molecule?

The photon is absorbed, exciting the electron. Signup and view all the answers

Where do the light-dependent reactions take place in photosynthetic eukaryotes?

In the thylakoid membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which type of light is not visible and can generate heat?

Infrared Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of the reaction in photosynthesis represented by the equation 6H₂O + 6CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂?

Synthesis of glucose and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

In the context of light absorption, what does the absorption spectrum illustrate?

The wavelengths absorbed by a specific pigment Signup and view all the answers

What is the total estimated ATP yield from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration after correction?

29 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for ATP production in the absence of oxygen?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What happens to NAD+ availability if the electron transport chain cannot function due to a lack of oxygen?

NAD+ cannot be replenished Signup and view all the answers

In alcoholic fermentation, what is produced from the conversion of pyruvate?

2 Ethanol and 2 CO₂ Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of cellular respiration are the majority of NADH molecules generated?

Citric Acid Cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary output of pyruvate oxidation?

Acetyl CoA Signup and view all the answers

During the Krebs cycle, what molecule is generated from Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetic Acid?

Citrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation?

Generation of proton motive force Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product when FADH2 is utilized in the electron transport chain?

FAD Signup and view all the answers

In the Krebs cycle, what is the result of breaking down complex molecules?

Production of carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP synthase in the photosynthetic process?

To generate ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a key difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

Electrons in cyclic photophosphorylation do not reduce NADP+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of electrons in the process of non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

Water ($H_2O$) Signup and view all the answers

Which photosystem is associated with eukaryotes and plays a role in non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

P680 Signup and view all the answers

What significant atmospheric change is marked by the Great Oxidation Event?

Shift from oxygen-poor to oxygen-rich atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a byproduct of the splitting of water during photosynthesis?

Oxygen ($O_2$) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to protons ($H^+$) during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

They create a gradient that drives ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Cyanobacteria are primarily associated with which form of photophosphorylation?

Both cyclic and non-cyclic Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the relationship between potential energy and order in a system?

Higher potential energy corresponds to increased order. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences the activation energy required for achieving an exergonic reaction?

The temperature of the environment Signup and view all the answers

How do coenzymes affect enzyme activity?

They enhance substrate binding by stabilizing the active site. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of energy diagrams, what does an exergonic reaction graphically demonstrate?

A decrease in potential energy as the reaction proceeds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the active site in enzyme function?

It binds to the substrate and facilitates the conversion to product. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main energy storage advantage of fats compared to glucose?

Fats have a higher energy density than glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily used by mammals to safely excrete ammonia resulting from amino acid metabolism?

Conversion of ammonia to urea Signup and view all the answers

In which metabolic regulation mechanism does the product inhibit its own formation?

Feedback inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of excess amino acids after deamination occurs?

They are converted into ammonia for excretion Signup and view all the answers

How does the transport mechanism for fats differ from that of glucose?

Fats require modification before transport Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood glucose when it is not utilized immediately after a meal?

It is stored as glycogen in the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals directly excretes ammonia, allowing it to diffuse easily?

Fish and some amphibians Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic process primarily involves the conversion of Acetyl CoA to generate energy?

Citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of uric acid makes it particularly beneficial for reptiles and birds?

It conserves water effectively Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?

To regulate enzyme activity based on product concentration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Metabolism

Energy obeys two laws of thermodynamics:
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed.
- Closed systems will increase entropy (chaos) over time.
Two forms of energy:
- Potential energy - energy stored in systems (function of order).
- Kinetic energy - energy in the process of doing work.

Energy Diagrams

Illustrates energy changes during a reaction.
Example: AB → A + B
- AB: Higher potential energy (PE), more order.
- A + B: Lower potential energy (PE), less order.
- Activation Energy: The energy required to initiate the reaction (the hill).
- Exergonic Reaction: The reaction releases energy (Energy decreasing process).

Two Ways to Initiate an Exergonic Reaction

Increase Temperature: Increasing the temperature increases the kinetic energy of molecules, making it more likely that they will overcome the activation energy barrier.
Use Enzymes: Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed.

Enzyme Action

Active Site: The part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate (reactant).
Active Site Affinity: How tightly the active site binds to the substrate.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex: The complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.
Shape Changes: Enzymes undergo a conformational change upon substrate binding.
Coenzymes: Non-protein organic molecule required for enzyme activity.

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Description

Test your knowledge on glycolysis, a crucial metabolic pathway in cellular respiration. This quiz covers the inputs, outputs, location, and key roles of components like NAD+. Prepare to deepen your understanding of this fundamental biological process.