Cellular Respiration and Glycolysis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate produced during the final stage?

  • To transport fatty acids to the cytosol
  • To produce organic acids
  • To regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (correct)
  • To generate ATP directly

Which process do exported sugars primarily enter after leaving the chloroplast?

  • Glycolysis (correct)
  • Calvin cycle
  • Fermentation
  • Pentose phosphate pathway

What was the initial method of ATP generation in the first living cells on Earth?

  • Citric acid cycle
  • Anaerobic fermentation (correct)
  • Light-dependent reactions
  • Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the role of ATPase in the evolutionary stages of oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>To expel protons from the cytosol to maintain pH balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of oxidative phosphorylation involves the linking of systems to produce ATP synthase?

<p>Stage 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of activated carriers like ATP and NADH in cellular respiration?

<p>They store energy in high-energy linkages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, what happens to glucose?

<p>It is split into two molecules of pyruvate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria?

<p>Citric acid cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the redox reactions in cellular respiration?

<p>To transfer electrons between chemicals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are consumed in the initial steps?

<p>Two ATP molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the anaerobic process of glycolysis?

<p>It does not require oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of glycolysis for each molecule of glucose?

<p>Two ATP and two pyruvate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cellular respiration, what is the role of NADH?

<p>It serves as a strong electron donor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?

<p>ATP production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme complex is the first to receive electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

<p>NADH dehydrogenase complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane as protons are pumped into the intermembrane space?

<p>Electrochemical proton gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP synthase in mitochondria?

<p>Formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component accepts electrons from NADH during oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>NADH dehydrogenase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

<p>F1 ATPase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

<p>To produce ATP and NADPH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mobile electron carrier is involved in the electron transport chain linked to Photosystem II?

<p>Plastoquinone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process takes place within chloroplasts?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP synthase in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>To convert the proton gradient into ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the mitochondria is responsible for the rapid spinning needed to synthesize ATP?

<p>F0 portion of ATP synthase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Calvin Cycle, which enzyme catalyzes the attachment of CO2 to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate?

<p>Rubisco (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules provides the energy required for the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the Calvin Cycle?

<p>ATP and NADPH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate are regenerated for every three molecules of CO2 fixed in the Calvin Cycle?

<p>3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a byproduct of the light reactions during photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of light energy do Photosystem I and Photosystem II primarily absorb?

<p>Photosystem I absorbs longer wavelengths than Photosystem II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the electron transport chain play in cellular respiration?

<p>It transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to generate a proton gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net yield of activated carrier molecules produced in glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

<p>2 ATP and 2 NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to phosphofructokinase when ATP levels are high?

<p>It is inhibited, leading to a shutdown of glycolysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is glycogen broken down to release glucose?

<p>By the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen during cellular respiration?

<p>It is pumped into the mitochondrial matrix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cost associated with gluconeogenesis?

<p>The process consumes large amounts of ATP and GTP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle?

<p>To catalyze the complete oxidation of carbon atoms in acetyl groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural features of mitochondria support the theory of their bacterial ancestry?

<p>They replicate through a fission process similar to bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is produced during one turn of the citric acid cycle?

<p>2 molecules of CO2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of molecular oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>It serves as a final electron acceptor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the proton gradient important in both oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis?

<p>It is used to drive ATP synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for turning on glycolysis when ATP levels are low?

<p>Phosphofructokinase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule combines with acetyl groups in the citric acid cycle to form citric acid?

<p>Oxaloacetate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cellular location does gluconeogenesis primarily occur?

<p>In the cytoplasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules are often derived from intermediates formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

<p>Amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex do to pyruvate?

<p>It removes a CO2 molecule and generates NADH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells harvest energy from food molecules.

Activated Carriers

Small molecules that store energy in high-energy linkages.

Redox Reactions

Reactions where electrons are transferred between molecules.

Glycolysis

An anaerobic process that splits glucose into pyruvate.

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Glycolysis Location

Takes place in the cytosol.

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Catabolism

Breakdown of food molecules.

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Pyruvate

End product of glycolysis, which is further metabolized.

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Citric Acid Cycle

Metabolic pathway that produces NADH, a crucial part of ATP production.

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Glycolysis Net Yield

The total amount of ATP and NADH molecules produced from one glucose molecule during glycolysis, after accounting for molecules used as input.

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Pyruvate's Fate: Aerobic vs. Anaerobic

Pyruvate's fate after glycolysis depends on the presence of oxygen. In aerobic conditions, it enters the mitochondria for further breakdown. In anaerobic conditions, it undergoes fermentation to produce either lactate or ethanol.

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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

An enzyme complex that converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA, a molecule involved in the citric acid cycle. This process also generates NADH.

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What does the citric acid cycle produce?

The citric acid cycle produces high-energy electron carriers like NADH and FADH2, which will drive ATP production in the electron transport chain. It also produces GTP and CO2 as byproducts.

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Citric Acid Cycle Location

The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells and the cytosol of prokaryotic cells.

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What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process where the energy stored in the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 is used to generate ATP, the main energy currency of the cell.

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Role of Oxygen in Oxidative Phosphorylation

Molecular oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing the process of oxidative phosphorylation to occur.

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Anabolic Pathways

These pathways use intermediates from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to synthesize other molecules the cell needs, such as amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids.

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of membrane-bound proteins that transfer electrons, releasing energy to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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Proton Gradient

The uneven distribution of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, created by the electron transport chain.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process that uses the energy from the proton gradient to generate ATP, the main energy currency of cells.

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Gluconeogenesis

The process of synthesizing glucose from pyruvate, often when blood sugar is low.

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Phosphofructokinase

An enzyme that controls the rate of glycolysis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate.

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Allosteric Regulation

The control of an enzyme's activity by the binding of a molecule at a site other than the active site.

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Glycogen

A branched polymer of glucose stored in animal cells as an energy reserve.

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Glycogen Phosphorylase

An enzyme that breaks down glycogen into glucose when cells need energy.

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Mitochondrial Compartments

Mitochondria have two inner compartments: the matrix and the stroma. These compartments hold DNA and specialized ribosomes, essential for energy production.

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Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondria have two membranes: the inner membrane and the thylakoid membrane. Both membranes contain protein complexes crucial for ATP production.

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ATP Production Location

The bulk of a cell's ATP is produced in the mitochondria. Specifically, the process of oxidative phosphorylation occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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Electron Transport Chain Components

The electron transport chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, consists of over 40 proteins grouped into three large respiratory complexes.

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Electron Transport Chain Order

The three respiratory complexes, in order of electron flow, are: (1) NADH dehydrogenase complex, (2) cytochrome c reductase complex, and (3) cytochrome c oxidase complex.

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Proton Pumping

As electrons move through the electron transport chain, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome c oxidase complexes act as proton pumps, moving protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space.

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Redox Potential Gradient

Redox potentials increase along the electron transport chain. Lower redox potentials indicate a lower affinity for electrons, meaning molecules with lower potentials donate electrons to those with higher potentials.

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ATP Synthesis

The electrochemical proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate by ATP synthase, embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?

The Calvin cycle uses energy from ATP and reducing power from NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

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What is the fate of pyruvate?

In aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is further metabolized by the citric acid cycle. In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate undergoes fermentation.

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What is the role of oxidative phosphorylation?

Oxidative phosphorylation uses the energy stored in electron carriers (NADH, FADH2) to generate ATP, the main energy currency of cells.

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What is the purpose of ATPase in early life?

ATPase pumps H+ out of the cytosol in early life, preventing the cell from becoming too acidic.

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What is the main difference between glycolysis and fermentation?

Glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate and generates a small amount of ATP, while fermentation regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.

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Photosystem II

A photosystem that absorbs shorter wavelengths of light, capturing light energy to excite electrons and initiate electron transport.

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Electron Transport Chain (Light Reactions)

A series of protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membrane that use the energy from excited electrons to pump protons into the thylakoid space, creating a proton gradient for ATP production.

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Photosystem I

A photosystem that absorbs longer wavelengths of light, capturing light energy to excite electrons and reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

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Calvin Cycle

A series of biochemical reactions that occur in the chloroplast stroma, using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to fix CO2 and synthesize sugars.

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Rubisco

An enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of CO2 to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), initiating the Calvin Cycle.

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3-phosphoglycerate

A 3-carbon compound produced by the fixation of CO2 to RuBP, a key intermediate in the Calvin Cycle.

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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

A 3-carbon sugar produced during the Calvin Cycle, representing the output of the cycle and a key building block for other carbohydrates.

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Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration harvests energy from food molecules, capturing it in high-energy bonds like ATP and NADH.
  • Redox reactions involve electron transfer, with a change in free energy (ΔG) determining feasibility.
  • Redox pairs, like NADH/NAD+, convert through gain or loss of electrons.
  • Food breakdown (catabolism) happens in three stages: digestion, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle.

Glycolysis

  • Glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules, generating ATP and NADH.
  • It's an anaerobic process, requiring no oxygen.
  • It occurs in the cytoplasm.
  • Glycolysis steps involve energy investment (steps 1-3), cleavage (4-5), and energy generation (6-10).
  • Each glucose molecule generates two ATP and two NADH.
  • Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA.

Citric Acid Cycle

  • The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, completes the oxidation of carbon atoms.
  • It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
  • The cycle oxidizes acetyl CoA, generating NADH, FADH2, GTP/ATP, and CO2.
  • Many intermediates are diverted to anabolic pathways (amino acids, nucleotides, lipids).

Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • This is the final step of food oxidation, adding a phosphate group to ADP forming ATP.
  • Molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
  • FADH2 and NADH release electrons to electron transport chain (ETC).
  • The ETC creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • This gradient fuels ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
  • Complete glucose oxidation generates about 30 ATP molecules.

Gluconeogenesis

  • Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from pyruvate.
  • Enzymes like phosphofructokinase are crucial, and their activity is regulated.
  • It's an energy-intensive process, needing ATP and GTP.

Chapter 14: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from bacteria.
  • They have their own DNA, ribosomes, and reproduce independently.
  • Mitochondria are crucial for ATP production.
  • Mitochondrial structure includes inner and outer membranes, matrix, and ribosomes.
  • The electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria has three complexes.
  • NADH donates electrons to the ETC, and electrons move through complexes, pumping protons (H+) out of the matrix.
  • The proton gradient drives ATP synthesis.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
  • Photosystem II captures light energy and transfers it to a mobile electron carrier.
  • Photosystem I produces NADPH.
  • The light-dependent reactions generate ATP and NADPH, while the light-independent reactions use ATP and NADPH to synthesize sugars from CO2.

Chloroplast Structure

  • Chloroplasts have an outer and inner membrane, stroma, and thylakoid membranes.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cellular respiration, including glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. This quiz covers key concepts like energy harvesting, redox reactions, and the conversion processes involved in breaking down food. Perfect for students studying biology or biochemistry.

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