Glycolysis and Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Questions and Answers

What is the byproduct of the reduction of pyruvate in anaerobic glycolysis?

  • NADH
  • ATP
  • Oxygen
  • Lactate (correct)

    • What is the stage of glycolysis where ATP is produced?

  • Oxido-Reduction state (correct)
  • Phosphorylation state
  • Splitting state
  • Energy storage state

    • What is the purpose of anaerobic glycolysis in exercising skeletal muscle?

  • To store glucose for later use
  • To generate ATP in the absence of oxygen (correct)
  • To convert pyruvate to glucose
  • To produce lactate for energy storage

    • What is the fate of lactate produced in muscle tissue during intense exercise?

    <p>It is diffused into the bloodstream and used by the liver to make glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net ATP production in the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>Two molecules of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the liver converts lactate to glucose?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of glycolysis where phosphorylated forms of intermediates are synthesized?

    <p>Phosphorylation state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lactate accumulation in muscle tissue during intense exercise?

    <p>A decrease in intracellular pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase?

    <p>To convert glucose 6-phosphate to glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glycolytic pathway in all tissues?

    <p>To break down glucose to provide energy and intermediates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?

    <p>It allows skeletal muscle to perform at high levels of work output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two transport mechanisms by which glucose enters cells?

    <p>Na+-independent, facilitated diffusion transport system and Na+-dependent monosaccharide cotransporter system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of glycolysis in cells with mitochondria and an adequate supply of oxygen?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of aerobic glycolysis?

    <p>It sets the stage for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of deficiencies in enzymes of glycolysis?

    <p>Hemolytic anemias or fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between glycolysis and other metabolic pathways?

    <p>Glycolysis provides intermediates for other metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glycolysis in carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Glycolysis is the principal route for carbohydrate metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the glycolytic pathway in skeletal muscle?

    <p>It allows skeletal muscle to perform at high levels of work output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preparatory pathway for the aerobic metabolism of glucose?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of anaerobic glycolysis in tissues?

    <p>To allow for the production of ATP in tissues that lack mitochondria or have insufficient oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of glycolysis is characterized by the conversion of glucose to pyruvate?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate fate of lactate produced in muscle tissue during intense exercise?

    <p>It is used by the liver to make glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NADH in anaerobic glycolysis?

    <p>It is used to convert pyruvate to lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the glycolytic pathway in tissues that lack mitochondria?

    <p>It is the primary mechanism for ATP production in the absence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Glycolysis

    • The glycolytic pathway is used by all tissues to break down glucose and provide energy (in the form of ATP) and intermediates for other metabolic pathways.
    • Glycolysis is the principal route for carbohydrate metabolism and can function without oxygen, making it important for high-intensity, short-duration activities like muscle contraction.
    • Diseases resulting from deficient glycolysis enzymes are mainly seen as hemolytic anemias or muscle fatigue.
    • Glucose enters cells through two transport mechanisms: Na+-independent, facilitated diffusion transport system and Na+-dependent monosaccharide cotransporter system.

    Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolysis

    • In cells with mitochondria and adequate oxygen, pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis and is further oxidized to acetyl CoA, a major fuel of the TCA cycle.
    • In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is reduced to lactate, allowing ATP production in tissues without mitochondria (e.g., red blood cells) or with insufficient oxygen.
    • Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in three stages: phosphorylation, splitting, and oxido-reduction.

    Lactate Formation in Muscle

    • In exercising skeletal muscle, NADH production is used to convert pyruvate to lactate due to inadequate oxygen supply.
    • Lactate accumulation in muscle causes a drop in intracellular pH, potentially leading to cramps.
    • Lactate can eventually diffuse into the bloodstream and be used by the liver to produce glucose.

    Gluconeogenesis

    • Gluconeogenesis is the de novo synthesis of glucose from lactate or other non-carbohydrate sources.
    • The pathway of gluconeogenesis from lactate is a reversal of glycolysis, with the exception of a few reactions.

    Glycolysis

    • The glycolytic pathway is used by all tissues to break down glucose and provide energy (in the form of ATP) and intermediates for other metabolic pathways.
    • Glycolysis is the principal route for carbohydrate metabolism and can function without oxygen, making it important for high-intensity, short-duration activities like muscle contraction.
    • Diseases resulting from deficient glycolysis enzymes are mainly seen as hemolytic anemias or muscle fatigue.
    • Glucose enters cells through two transport mechanisms: Na+-independent, facilitated diffusion transport system and Na+-dependent monosaccharide cotransporter system.

    Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolysis

    • In cells with mitochondria and adequate oxygen, pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis and is further oxidized to acetyl CoA, a major fuel of the TCA cycle.
    • In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is reduced to lactate, allowing ATP production in tissues without mitochondria (e.g., red blood cells) or with insufficient oxygen.
    • Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in three stages: phosphorylation, splitting, and oxido-reduction.

    Lactate Formation in Muscle

    • In exercising skeletal muscle, NADH production is used to convert pyruvate to lactate due to inadequate oxygen supply.
    • Lactate accumulation in muscle causes a drop in intracellular pH, potentially leading to cramps.
    • Lactate can eventually diffuse into the bloodstream and be used by the liver to produce glucose.

    Gluconeogenesis

    • Gluconeogenesis is the de novo synthesis of glucose from lactate or other non-carbohydrate sources.
    • The pathway of gluconeogenesis from lactate is a reversal of glycolysis, with the exception of a few reactions.

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    Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesis PDF

    Description

    Learn about the glycolytic pathway, its importance in providing energy and intermediates for metabolic pathways, and diseases related to deficient glycolysis enzymes.

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