Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glycolysis

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Overview

• Carbohydrate metabolism is the process by which cells convert carbohydrates into energy or other molecules
• It involves the breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose, which is then used to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2

Glycolysis

• Glycolysis is the first stage of carbohydrate metabolism
• It is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH
• Takes place in the cytoplasm of cells
• 10 steps, catalyzed by 10 different enzymes

Pyruvate Fate

• Pyruvate can be converted into:
  • Acetyl-CoA (entering the citric acid cycle)
  • Lactate (in anaerobic conditions)
  • Ethanol and CO2 (in yeast fermentation)
  • Oxaloacetate (in the citric acid cycle)

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

• Also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or Krebs cycle
• Takes place in the mitochondria
• Acetyl-CoA is converted into ATP, NADH, and FADH2
• 8 steps, catalyzed by 8 different enzymes

Electron Transport Chain

• Takes place in the mitochondrial inner membrane
• Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through a series of protein complexes, generating ATP
• Protons are pumped across the membrane, creating a proton gradient
• ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to produce ATP

Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

• Insulin and glucagon play key roles in regulating carbohydrate metabolism
• Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon promotes glucose release and breakdown
• Feedback inhibition and allosteric regulation also play important roles in regulating enzyme activity

Carbohydrate Metabolism

• Carbohydrate metabolism is the process by which cells convert carbohydrates into energy or other molecules.

Glycolysis

• Glycolysis is the first stage of carbohydrate metabolism, breaking down glucose into pyruvate.
• It produces ATP and NADH.
• Takes place in the cytoplasm of cells.
• Consists of 10 steps, catalyzed by 10 different enzymes.

Pyruvate Fate

• Pyruvate can be converted into:
  • Acetyl-CoA, entering the citric acid cycle.
  • Lactate, in anaerobic conditions.
  • Ethanol and CO2, in yeast fermentation.
  • Oxaloacetate, in the citric acid cycle.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

• Also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or Krebs cycle.
• Takes place in the mitochondria.
• Acetyl-CoA is converted into ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
• Consists of 8 steps, catalyzed by 8 different enzymes.

Electron Transport Chain

• Takes place in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
• Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through a series of protein complexes, generating ATP.
• Protons are pumped across the membrane, creating a proton gradient.
• ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to produce ATP.

Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

• Insulin and glucagon play key roles in regulating carbohydrate metabolism.
• Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage.
• Glucagon promotes glucose release and breakdown.
• Feedback inhibition and allosteric regulation also play important roles in regulating enzyme activity.

Learn about the process of carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, and its role in energy production. Explore the 10 steps of glycolysis and its significance in cellular functions.