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Questions and Answers
What is the result of the reduction of FAD+ in the β-oxidation process?
What is the result of the reduction of FAD+ in the β-oxidation process?
What is the purpose of the enzyme enoyl CoA hydratase in the β-oxidation process?
What is the purpose of the enzyme enoyl CoA hydratase in the β-oxidation process?
What is the result of the oxidation step in the β-oxidation process?
What is the result of the oxidation step in the β-oxidation process?
What is the function of the enzyme β-ketothiolase in the β-oxidation process?
What is the function of the enzyme β-ketothiolase in the β-oxidation process?
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What is the energy yield per one acetyl-CoA production in the β-oxidation process?
What is the energy yield per one acetyl-CoA production in the β-oxidation process?
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What is the result of the β-oxidation process when an odd-numbered acyl-CoA chain is broken down?
What is the result of the β-oxidation process when an odd-numbered acyl-CoA chain is broken down?
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What is the purpose of the β-oxidation process?
What is the purpose of the β-oxidation process?
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How many carbons are removed from the acyl-CoA chain during each cycle of β-oxidation?
How many carbons are removed from the acyl-CoA chain during each cycle of β-oxidation?
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What is the primary energy storage form in the human body?
What is the primary energy storage form in the human body?
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What is the role of glycerol in the energy-releasing phase of glycolysis?
What is the role of glycerol in the energy-releasing phase of glycolysis?
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What is the purpose of β-oxidation in fatty acid metabolism?
What is the purpose of β-oxidation in fatty acid metabolism?
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What is the starting molecule for fatty acid synthesis?
What is the starting molecule for fatty acid synthesis?
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During which process is glucose converted into triglycerides?
During which process is glucose converted into triglycerides?
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Where does β-oxidation take place in the cell?
Where does β-oxidation take place in the cell?
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What is the role of insulin in de novo-lipogenesis?
What is the role of insulin in de novo-lipogenesis?
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What is the role of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) in β-oxidation?
What is the role of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) in β-oxidation?
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What is the byproduct of β-oxidation in peroxisomes?
What is the byproduct of β-oxidation in peroxisomes?
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What is the function of citric acid in de novo-lipogenesis?
What is the function of citric acid in de novo-lipogenesis?
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Where does the formation of triglycerides occur?
Where does the formation of triglycerides occur?
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What is the first step in β-oxidation?
What is the first step in β-oxidation?
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What is the energy requirement for the formation of fatty acids?
What is the energy requirement for the formation of fatty acids?
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What is the purpose of fatty acyl-CoA synthase (FACS) in β-oxidation?
What is the purpose of fatty acyl-CoA synthase (FACS) in β-oxidation?
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What is the by-product of glycolysis that is used in de novo-lipogenesis?
What is the by-product of glycolysis that is used in de novo-lipogenesis?
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What is the energy cost of binding fatty acids to coenzyme A?
What is the energy cost of binding fatty acids to coenzyme A?
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Study Notes
Glycolysis and Energy Production
- Glycerol can enter the energy-releasing phase of glycolysis by forming glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate with an additional phosphorylation (ATP → ADP)
- This process is energy-dependent and requires the conversion of ATP to ADP
β-Oxidation
- β-oxidation is the process of breaking down fatty acids to form acetyl-CoA chains and later single acetyl-CoA molecules
- This process releases acetyl-CoA molecules, which can enter the citric acid cycle and produce energy via NADH and FADH2 production
- β-oxidation takes place within the mitochondria and requires the binding of fatty acids to a coenzyme A (fatty acyl CoA) mediated by fatty acyl-CoA synthase (FACS)
- Fatty acyl-CoA can enter the mitochondria via simple diffusion (short chain) or via carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and carnitine translocase (CAT)
β-Oxidation Steps
- Dehydrogenation: acyl-CoA is oxidized by acyl CoA dehydrogenase, resulting in the formation of trans-delta-2-enoyl CoA and reduction of FAD+ to FADH2
- Hydration: trans-delta-2-enoyl CoA is hydrated, adding an OH group to the C2 molecule, resulting in L-β-hydroxyacyl CoA
- Oxidation: L-β-hydroxyacyl CoA is oxidized, resulting in the formation of β-ketoacyl CoA and reduction of NAD+ to NADH
- Thyolysis: β-ketoacyl CoA is cleaved by β-ketothiolase, resulting in an acetyl-CoA molecule and an acyl-CoA chain that is two carbons shorter
De Novo - Lipogenesis
- De novo-lipogenesis is the process of transforming glucose molecules into triglycerides (fats) and sometimes cholesterol, steroids, or bile salts
- This process occurs within the liver (hepatocytes) or adipose tissue (fat cells) and is dependent on several steps
- Acetyl-CoA is the necessary molecule for forming fatty acids and is a by-product of glycolysis
- The conversion of acetyl-CoA into fatty acids occurs within the cytoplasm of the cell and requires the addition of carbon molecules to the acetyl-CoA
- This process is ATP-dependent and consumes energy
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Description
This quiz covers the process of glycolysis and beta oxidation, including the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules.