Glycolysis and Beta Oxidation Process

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of the reduction of FAD+ in the β-oxidation process?

FAD is reduced to FADH2, which will be used in the ETC (correct)

FAD is oxidized to FAD+, which will be used in the ETC

NAD+ is reduced to NADH, which will be used in the ETC

CoA-SH is reduced to CoA, which will be used in the ETC

What is the purpose of the enzyme enoyl CoA hydratase in the β-oxidation process?

To remove an OH group from the C2 molecule of the chain

To add an OH group to the C2 molecule of the chain (correct)

To break the double bond between C2 and C3 of trans-delta-2-enoyl CoA

To add a water molecule to the C2 molecule of the chain

What is the result of the oxidation step in the β-oxidation process?

The formation of trans-delta-2-enoyl CoA

The formation of acetyl-CoA

The formation of L-β-hydroxyacyl CoA

The formation of β-ketoacyl CoA (correct)

What is the function of the enzyme β-ketothiolase in the β-oxidation process?

To cleave the β-ketoacyl CoA into an acetyl-CoA molecule and an acyl-CoA chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy yield per one acetyl-CoA production in the β-oxidation process?

17 ATP molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the β-oxidation process when an odd-numbered acyl-CoA chain is broken down?

An acetyl-CoA molecule and a propionyl-CoA molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the β-oxidation process?

To break down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules Signup and view all the answers

How many carbons are removed from the acyl-CoA chain during each cycle of β-oxidation?

2 carbons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy storage form in the human body?

Triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glycerol in the energy-releasing phase of glycolysis?

It is phosphorylated to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of β-oxidation in fatty acid metabolism?

To break down fatty acids to form acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

What is the starting molecule for fatty acid synthesis?

Acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

During which process is glucose converted into triglycerides?

De novo-lipogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Where does β-oxidation take place in the cell?

In the mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in de novo-lipogenesis?

It promotes the conversion of glucose into triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) in β-oxidation?

To transport fatty acids into the mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of β-oxidation in peroxisomes?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of citric acid in de novo-lipogenesis?

It splits into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

Where does the formation of triglycerides occur?

Both liver and adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in β-oxidation?

Dehydrogenation Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy requirement for the formation of fatty acids?

It is an ATP-dependent process Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fatty acyl-CoA synthase (FACS) in β-oxidation?

To bind fatty acids to coenzyme A Signup and view all the answers

What is the by-product of glycolysis that is used in de novo-lipogenesis?

Acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy cost of binding fatty acids to coenzyme A?

One ATP is used Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Glycolysis and Energy Production

Glycerol can enter the energy-releasing phase of glycolysis by forming glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate with an additional phosphorylation (ATP → ADP)
This process is energy-dependent and requires the conversion of ATP to ADP

β-Oxidation

β-oxidation is the process of breaking down fatty acids to form acetyl-CoA chains and later single acetyl-CoA molecules
This process releases acetyl-CoA molecules, which can enter the citric acid cycle and produce energy via NADH and FADH2 production
β-oxidation takes place within the mitochondria and requires the binding of fatty acids to a coenzyme A (fatty acyl CoA) mediated by fatty acyl-CoA synthase (FACS)
Fatty acyl-CoA can enter the mitochondria via simple diffusion (short chain) or via carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) and carnitine translocase (CAT)

β-Oxidation Steps

Dehydrogenation: acyl-CoA is oxidized by acyl CoA dehydrogenase, resulting in the formation of trans-delta-2-enoyl CoA and reduction of FAD+ to FADH2
Hydration: trans-delta-2-enoyl CoA is hydrated, adding an OH group to the C2 molecule, resulting in L-β-hydroxyacyl CoA
Oxidation: L-β-hydroxyacyl CoA is oxidized, resulting in the formation of β-ketoacyl CoA and reduction of NAD+ to NADH
Thyolysis: β-ketoacyl CoA is cleaved by β-ketothiolase, resulting in an acetyl-CoA molecule and an acyl-CoA chain that is two carbons shorter

De Novo - Lipogenesis

De novo-lipogenesis is the process of transforming glucose molecules into triglycerides (fats) and sometimes cholesterol, steroids, or bile salts
This process occurs within the liver (hepatocytes) or adipose tissue (fat cells) and is dependent on several steps
Acetyl-CoA is the necessary molecule for forming fatty acids and is a by-product of glycolysis
The conversion of acetyl-CoA into fatty acids occurs within the cytoplasm of the cell and requires the addition of carbon molecules to the acetyl-CoA
This process is ATP-dependent and consumes energy

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Description

This quiz covers the process of glycolysis and beta oxidation, including the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and the breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules.