4-L1

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What is the primary response that triggers glycogen degradation in skeletal muscle?

Hunger

Stress

Exercise (correct)

Fasting

What is the enzyme that catalyses the first step of glycogen degradation?

De-branching enzyme

Phosphoglucomutase

Glycogen phosphorylase (correct)

Glucose 6-phosphatase

What is the product of the first step of glycogen degradation?

Free glucose

Glucose 6-phosphate

Glycogen (n-1)

Glucose-1-phosphate (correct)

What is the purpose of the de-branching enzyme in glycogen degradation?

To produce free glucose Signup and view all the answers

In muscle cells, what is the fate of glucose 6-phosphate produced during glycogen degradation?

It enters glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between glycogen degradation in muscle and liver cells?

Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose in liver cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of glycogen storage diseases?

Tissue damage due to excessive glycogen storage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of glycogen storage diseases?

Increased muscle mass Signup and view all the answers

Which tissues are most commonly affected in glycogen storage diseases?

Liver and/or muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the reaction in glycogen metabolism?

From glycogen to glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of glycogen phosphorylation?

Pi Signup and view all the answers

What is the high-energy molecule involved in glycogen synthesis?

UTP Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the highly branched structure of glycogen?

It allows for minimal osmotic effect in the storage tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of glycogen storage in tissues?

It is a highly polar molecule that attracts a lot of water Signup and view all the answers

How much glycogen can the liver store?

Up to ~100g Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the liver?

Glucokinase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of UTP in glycogen synthesis?

It is an important intermediate in the synthesis of sugar-containing molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of clinical conditions characterized by abnormal storage of glycogen?

Glycogen storage diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the catalyzed reaction involving glucose-6-phosphate?

Release of glucose into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of liver glycogen?

Storage of glucose that can be made available to all tissues Signup and view all the answers

What type of control does glucagon and adrenaline promote on glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase?

Phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase?

Dephosphorylation of both enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of phosphorylation on glycogen phosphorylase?

Activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase when one is activated?

The other is inhibited Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of glucose for some tissues?

Glycogen storage Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate duration after which glycogen storage is depleted?

8-12 hours Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds hold glucose residues together in glycogen?

Glycosidic bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of a1-4 to a1-6 bonds in glycogen?

10:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a1-6 bonds in glycogen?

They are the branch points Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which glucose is synthesized when glycogen stores are depleted?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers