Glucose Metabolism and Energy Production

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Questions and Answers

What is the byproduct of glycolysis when oxygen is absent?

NADH and NADPH

Ethanol and CO2 (correct)

Pyruvate

Lactate

Which pathway occurs simultaneously with glycolysis and provides breakdown of pentose sugars and glucose?

Glycolysis

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

Cellular Respiration

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (correct)

What is the result of glucose breakdown in the absence of oxygen?

Cellular Respiration

Aerobic Respiration

Glycolysis

Fermentation (correct)

What is the byproduct of the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway in terms of energy molecules?

1 molecule NADH, 1 molecule NADPH, and 1 molecule of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

Cytosol Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria uses the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway for glucose degradation?

Gram-negative bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in terms of nucleic acid synthesis?

To produce intermediate pentoses for nucleic acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of glucose breakdown in the presence of oxygen?

Cellular Respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for the breakdown of pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of respiration generates ATP from reduced substrates?

Electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects bacterial growth?

Oxygen availability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting bacterial growth?

Gravity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of flaming test tubes in a microbiology laboratory?

To sterilize the equipment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of microbial growth phase?

Mitotic phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of streak plating in a microbiology laboratory?

To isolate individual bacterial colonies Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

Cell wall composition Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria can survive in the dry state for several decades?

Staphylococcus Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria require oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor in their respiratory chain?

Mycobacterium Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of CO2 is supplied for heterotrophic bacteria in culture?

5-10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for bacteria that require an excess amount of CO2?

Capnophilic Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of water in a bacterial cell?

80% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria can resist drying for months?

Staphylococcus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for bacteria that can survive without oxygen?

Anaerobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for bacteria that require oxygen for growth?

Aerobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in microorganisms?

To break down carbohydrates for energy production Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganisms can cycle carbon compounds to yield energy in anaerobic environments?

Fermentative microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range at which thermophilic bacteria can grow?

60-80°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sudden exposure to hypertonic solutions on bacterial cells?

Plasmolysis, leading to shrinkage of protoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range at which most bacteria can grow?

7.2-7.6 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria requires sunlight for growth?

Phototropic bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of exposure to light on photochromogenic mycobacteria?

Formation of a pigment only on exposure to light Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding 0.5% NaCl to culture media?

To provide a suitable osmolarity for growth Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anaerobes can tolerate the presence of oxygen?

Aerotolerant anerobes Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the bacterial growth curve is characterized by cell activity but not growth?

Lag phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of cell division in the log phase of bacterial growth?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microbes grows in low concentrations of oxygen (5%)?

Microaerophilic microbes Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of bacterial growth do antibiotics and disinfectants have the most effect?

Log phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the stationary phase of bacterial growth?

Cell growth reaches a plateau Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a phase of bacterial growth?

Dormancy phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the lag phase in bacterial growth?

Cell adaptation to environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pentose phosphate pathway in relation to glucose breakdown?

To generate NADPH for biosynthetic reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in terms of glucose breakdown?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary electron carrier involved in the electron transport chain?

NADH Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

Cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of glycolysis when oxygen is present?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glucose in nearly all cells?

Energy storage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for the breakdown of pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of flaming test tubes in a microbiology laboratory?

To sterilize the equipment Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of respiration does the electron transport chain generate ATP from reduced substrates?

Electron Transport Chain Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is used by some bacteria to break down glucose into pyruvate?

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

Synthesis of nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of the Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration?

Mitochondrial inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a bacterial cell consists of water?

80% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria can survive in the dry state for several decades?

Spores Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of oxygen in bacterial growth?

To act as a terminal electron acceptor Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria requires an excess amount of CO2?

Capnophilic Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of dry weight that CO2 represents in a bacterial cell?

Approximately half Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects bacterial growth by controlling the availability of water?

Osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for bacteria that can survive without oxygen?

Anaerobes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria can resist drying for months?

Staphylococcus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy Sources and Electron Carriers

Triphosphate is a compound that is oxidized to release energy and is also called an electron donor.
Electron carriers carry electrons that are removed during the oxidation of energy sources.

Glucose Breakdown

Glucose is a key energy-storing molecule that is metabolized by almost all cells for energy.
Glucose metabolism is relatively simple, and other organic molecules are converted to glucose for energy harvesting.
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, yielding two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.
If oxygen is absent, fermentation occurs, and pyruvate is converted into lactate or ethanol and CO2.
If oxygen is present, cellular respiration occurs.

Alternative Pathways to Glycolysis

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Shunt) occurs simultaneously with glycolysis and breaks down pentose sugars and glucose.
Intermediate pentoses are used for nucleic acid synthesis and amino acid synthesis.
This pathway is an important producer of reduced coenzyme NADPH used for biosynthetic reactions.
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway uses 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase to create pyruvate from glucose.
This pathway produces 1 molecule of NADH, 1 molecule of NADPH, and 1 molecule of ATP.

Glucose Breakdown Overview

Cellular respiration breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water.
This process requires oxygen and generates ATP from reduced substrates.

Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain is the last phase of respiration, generating ATP from reduced substrates.
It consists of a sequence of carrier molecules through which electrons pass.
The electron transport chain occurs in the plasma membrane and is different in different bacteria.

Factors Affecting Bacterial Growth

Water: 80% of bacterial cells consist of water, and dehydration is detrimental to most bacteria.
Oxygen: Most life forms depend on oxygen for survival and growth.
Carbon dioxide: Autotrophic organisms use CO2 as a source of carbon, while heterotrophic bacteria require some CO2 from exogenous sources.
Temperature: Psychrophiles grow below 20°C, mesophiles grow between 20-40°C, and thermophiles grow at higher temperatures.
Hydrogen Ion Concentration: Most bacteria have an average pH requirement of 7.2-7.6.
Light: Most bacteria prefer darkness for growth, while some require sunlight.
Osmotic Pressure: Bacteria have a wide range of osmotic tolerance, and 0.5% NaCl is added to culture media to provide suitable osmolarity.

Microbial Growth Requirements

Physical growth factors include gaseous and humidity requirements.
Based on O2 requirements, microbes can be divided into microaerophilic, aerophilic, and anaerobic categories.

Bacterial Growth Curve

The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a population over time.
There are four distinct phases: lag phase, exponential (log) phase, stationary phase, and death phase.

Bacterial Growth Curve Phases

Lag Phase

Characterized by cell activity but no growth.
Bacteria adjust to the new environment, synthesizing proteins, enzymes, RNA, and other molecules necessary for multiplication.

Log (Exponential) Phase

Time of rapid cell doubling, with cells dividing regularly by binary fission.
Metabolic activity is high, generating DNA, RNA, cell wall components, and other substances necessary for growth.
Antibiotics and disinfectants are most effective during this phase.

Energy Sources

Triphosphate is an energy source compound that is oxidized to release energy, also known as an electron donor.
Electron carriers carry electrons that are removed during oxidation of the energy source.

Glucose Breakdown

Glucose is a key energy-storing molecule that is metabolized by nearly all cells for energy.
Glucose metabolism is fairly simple, and other organic molecules are converted to glucose for energy harvesting.
Glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate, yielding two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose, and occurs in the cytosol without requiring O2.
If oxygen is absent, fermentation occurs, and pyruvate is converted into either lactate or ethanol and CO2.
If O2 is present, cellular respiration occurs.

Alternative Pathways to Glycolysis

Some bacteria have alternative pathways for glucose degradation, such as the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and the Entner-Doudoroff Pathway.
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway occurs simultaneously with glycolysis, providing breakdown of both pentose sugar and glucose.
The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway uses 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase to create pyruvate from glucose, producing 1 molecule NADH, 1 molecule NADPH, and 1 molecule of ATP.

Glucose Breakdown Overview

Cellular respiration breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water, requiring oxygen.
Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain is the last phase of respiration, generating ATP from reduced substrates.
It consists of a sequence of carrier molecules through which electrons pass.
The electron transport chain occurs in the plasma membrane and is different in different bacteria.

Factors Affecting Bacterial Growth

Water is essential for bacterial growth, making up 80% of the bacterial cell.
Oxygen is required for most bacteria as a terminal electron acceptor in their respiratory chain.
Carbon dioxide is provided by cellular metabolism and the environment, and is required for autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria.
Temperature, hydrogen ion concentration, light, osmotic pressure, and symbiosis and antagonism also affect bacterial growth.

Aseptic Techniques and Health and Safety

Ensuring a contamination-free environment is crucial in a microbiology laboratory.
Sterilized equipment should be easily accessible, and working beside a Bunsen burner creates an upward flow of air through convection.
Test tubes containing sensitive biological samples should be flamed around the cap and neck, and agar plates should be opened facing away from the user.

Microbiology/Immunology Lab

Streak plating is a technique used in microbiology laboratories.

Independent Study

Bacteria can be classified into two broad categories: gram positive and gram negative.
Each category has different growth requirements and type of culture media.

Bacterial Growth Factors

Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature, hydrogen ion concentration, light, osmotic pressure, and symbiosis and antagonism are factors that affect bacterial growth.

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Description

This quiz covers the breakdown of glucose, a key energy-storing molecule, and its role in energy production. It also explores the concepts of triphosphate, electron carriers, and precursor metabolites.