Gluconeogenesis Overview

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, primarily occurring in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidneys.

Pyruvate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through a series of enzymatic reactions involving the key intermediates oxaloacetate and malate.

A metabolic cycle involving the conversion of lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscle tissue back to glucose in the liver.

Glycerol, a product of triglyceride breakdown, is converted to glucose by first entering the glycolysis pathway as dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Propionyl CoA, derived from the breakdown of odd-chain fatty acids, is converted to glucose through a series of reactions involving the citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis.

Hormones like glucagon and cortisol stimulate gluconeogenesis, while insulin inhibits the process, regulating glucose levels in the body.

Key enzymes in gluconeogenesis, such as pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, are tightly regulated to ensure proper glucose production.

A metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondria and is a key part of cellular respiration. It generates ATP and reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH2).

A metabolic pathway that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a key intermediate in the TCA cycle.

A metabolic pathway that converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), an important precursor for gluconeogenesis.

A metabolic pathway that converts malate to oxaloacetate, using the enzyme malate dehydrogenase and NAD+ as a cofactor.

A metabolic pathway that converts pyruvate to lactate, using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and NADH as a cofactor.

The transport of oxaloacetate from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm, where it is used in gluconeogenesis. This process involves two main mechanisms: 1. Conversion of oxaloacetate to malate or aspartate, followed by transport across the mitochondrial membrane. 2. Transport of oxaloacetate as a part of a shuttle mechanism.

A metabolic pathway that converts pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This pathway is important for gluconeogenesis, the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a high-energy molecule that is used as an energy source in many biochemical reactions, including gluconeogenesis.

A metabolic product formed in humans, propionyl-CoA is a key component in the metabolism of fatty acids and some amino acids. It's converted into propionate, which can then be utilized for energy in the TCA cycle.

This enzyme catalyzes the irreversible conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, a step in gluconeogenesis.

A signaling molecule that triggers the breakdown of glucose into energy. It is regulated through gene expression and the enzyme plays a critical role by promoting the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

A signaling molecule that promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen. It regulates gene expression, and the enzyme is involved in regulating the breakdown of glucose.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of citrate to oxaloacetate in the cytosol. This reaction is part of the gluconeogenesis pathway, allowing for the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate to form glucose. This reaction is part of the gluconeogenesis pathway.

A metabolic cycle that occurs primarily in liver and kidney. Gluconeogenesis from lactate in the liver can lead to the release of glucose into the blood, which can then be transported to exercising muscles for energy.

A metabolic pathway that leads to the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. This pathway is important for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting or prolonged exercise.