Renal 2 super 7 quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the normal Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) range?

120-125 ml/min

Which cells are responsible for the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

Macula densa cells

What is the main mechanism to increase blood pressure in the kidneys?

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone mechanism

What is the net filtration pressure (NFP) formula?

Outward pressures – Inward Pressures= HPgc – (HPcs + OPgc) Signup and view all the answers

Which route is limited by tight junctions in the proximal nephron for the movement of substances?

Paracellular route Signup and view all the answers

What is the response of the sympathetic nervous system when extracellular fluid (ECF) is low?

Constriction of afferent arterioles Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the GFR in response to a decrease in blood pressure?

Decrease in GFR Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the myogenic mechanism in the kidneys?

Vascular smooth muscle stretches and constricts afferent arterioles Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical buffer?

A system of one or more compounds that resist changes in pH when a strong acid or base is added Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major buffer system in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Bicarbonate Signup and view all the answers

How do the lungs respond to increased H+ levels in the blood?

Increase respiration rate to remove more CO2 from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of kidneys in regulating acid-base balance?

Adjusting the amount of bicarbonate in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of intercalated type A cells in the kidneys?

Secrete large numbers of H+ ions to prevent acidosis Signup and view all the answers

In which condition do intercalated type B cells exhibit net HCO3- secretion in the collecting duct?

Alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

How do the kidneys use the ammonium ion to prevent acidosis?

Use the ammonium ion produced by glutamine metabolism to secrete H+ ions Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is nearly identical to the bicarbonate buffering system?

Phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism for increasing blood pressure in hormonal regulation of GFR?

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aldosterone in the regulation of GFR?

Regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of aldosterone in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?

Low blood pressure or blood volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the myogenic regulation in GFR?

Prevents glomerular blood pressure from reaching damaging levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the countercurrent exchanger in GFR?

Highly permeable to water and solutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the collecting ducts in GFR?

Reabsorption of water based on osmolality levels and ADH release Signup and view all the answers

How does the tubuloglomerular feedback contribute to autoregulation of GFR?

Helps maintain a nearly constant GFR despite fluctuations in arterial blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Na-K ATPase in GFR?

Actively transports sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the macula densa cells in regulating renin release?

Activated by reduced stretch Signup and view all the answers

What is the obligatory function of water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Reabsorption of water Signup and view all the answers

How is glucose reabsorbed in the tubules?

Through secondary active transport Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Regulation Mechanisms of Glomerular Filtration Rate

Myogenic regulation: Vascular smooth muscle contracts when stretched, leading to afferent arteriolar constriction and preventing glomerular blood pressure from reaching damaging levels.
Autoregulation: Kidneys can maintain a nearly constant GFR despite fluctuations in arterial blood pressure using myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback.
Neural regulation: When blood pressure falls, norepinephrine is released, causing vascular smooth muscle constriction and decreasing GFR.
Hormonal regulation: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone mechanism is the main mechanism for increasing blood pressure, triggered by low BP stimulating the release of renin.
Mechanisms for regulating renin release: Reduced stretch, activated macula densa cells, and sympathetic nervous system activation.
Tubules I: Water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule is obligatory, while the collecting ducts' aquaporins are inserted based on osmolality levels and ADH release.
Countercurrent exchanger: Flow of blood through the ascending and descending portions of the vasa recta, highly permeable to water and solutes.
Tubules II: Sodium is actively transported using the Na-K ATPase, with aldosterone regulating Na and K reabsorption in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule.
Tubules III: Glucose reabsorption occurs through secondary active transport, with a transport maximum determining the amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed.
Endocrine function of the kidneys: Renin raises blood pressure by initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, while aldosterone regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
Role of Aldosterone: Triggered by low BP or blood volume, leading to the release of aldosterone through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
Acid-base balance: The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining pH 7 through the regulation of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.

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