Glomerular Diseases and Chronic Glomerulonephritis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

In nephrotic syndrome, which of the following is a characteristic clinical complex?

Hematuria, azotemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and anasarca

Massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria (correct)

Massive proteinuria, hyperglycemia, edema, hyperlipidemia, and azotemia

Hematuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and anasarca

Which glycoprotein maintains the glomerular barrier function?

Podocin

Glomerulin

Nephrin (correct)

Mesangialin

What is the major cause of chronic kidney disease in nephrology?

Hypertensive nephropathy

Acute tubular necrosis

Chronic glomerulonephritis (correct)

Diabetic nephropathy

Where are immune complexes seen as electrondense deposits or clumps in glomerular lesions?

In the mesangium Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal pathway of antibody-mediated glomerular injury?

Complement-leukocyte-mediated Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the macula densa in the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Detects decreased sodium concentration of fluid in DCT Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vasa recta in the medulla?

Recovers water from medullary interstitium and carries it to general circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which cells have a role as both baroreceptor and chemoreceptor in the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Macula densa Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) on the collecting tubules and ducts?

Increases water permeability in collecting tubules and ducts Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase in the basolateral membrane of the DCT?

Drives exchange of Na+ and K+ or H+ at the apical surface Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the urethra?

Lined by transitional epithelium near the bladder, which changes to stratified squamous at the external orifice Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of azotemia according to the text?

Prerenal azotemia resulting from shock or hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is the manifestation of acute renal failure according to the text?

Loss of renal function in days or few weeks, microscopic hematuria, and red blood cell casts Signup and view all the answers

What are the components affected by diseases of the kidney according to the text?

Glomeruli, tubules, interstitium, and blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What does azotemia largely relate to according to the text?

Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of renal injury is characterized by necrosis of short segments of the renal tubules, particularly the PCT and ascending limb?

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is NOT commonly associated with causing Acute Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis?

Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic histologic feature of Pyramidal necrosis caused by analgesics?

Coagulative necrosis with a surrounding neutrophilic infiltrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of Chronic Pyelonephritis and Reflux Nephropathy?

Scarring involving the pelvis or calyces, leading to papillary blunting and marked deformity of pelvicalyceal system Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Signup and view all the answers

Which glomerular lesion is characterized by the presence of subepithelial deposits along the GBM separated by spikelike protrusions of GBM matrix?

Membranous nephropathy Signup and view all the answers

Which glomerular lesion is associated with nonspecific trapping of IgM and complement in areas of hyalinosis?

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) Signup and view all the answers

Which glomerular lesion is characterized by the presence of uniform and diffuse effacement of foot processes of podocytes?

Minimal change disease (MCD) Signup and view all the answers

Which glomerular lesion is thought to represent the initiating event of primary FSGS?

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) Signup and view all the answers

Which glomerular lesion is manifested histologically by alterations in GBM and mesangium and by proliferation of glomerular cells?

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glomerular disease is characterized by increased cellularity of glomerular tufts and subepithelial deposits of immune complexes?

Acute Postinfectious (Poststreptococcal) GN Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glomerular disease is a common cause of recurrent hematuria in children and young adults?

IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glomerular disease is characterized by rapid and progressive loss of renal function and the presence of crescents due to proliferation of parietal epithelial cells and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages?

Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) GN Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glomerular disease is an important cause of end-stage kidney disease, presenting as chronic renal failure with advanced scarring of glomeruli, interstitial fibrosis, and hypertension-induced arterial changes?

Chronic Glomerulonephritis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition primarily involves the interstitium and tubules, with bacterial infection causing pyelonephritis and nonbacterial cases termed interstitial nephritis?

Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Glomerular Diseases and Chronic Glomerulonephritis Overview

Glomerular diseases are characterized by proliferation of cells in glomeruli and leukocyte infiltration, leading to reduced GFR, oliguria, fluid retention, and azotemia
Acute Postinfectious (Poststreptococcal) GN is a classic case in children occurring after recovery from group A streptococcal infection, characterized by increased cellularity of glomerular tufts and subepithelial deposits of immune complexes
IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease) affects children and young adults, presenting with episodes of gross hematuria after upper respiratory tract infections, and is one of the most common causes of recurrent hematuria
Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) GN is a clinical syndrome with rapid and progressive loss of renal function, characterized by crescents due to proliferation of parietal epithelial cells and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages
Three types of RPGN: Pauci-Immune (Type III) Crescentic GN, Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody (Type I) Crescentic GN, and Immune Complex-Mediated (Type II) Crescentic GN
Chronic Glomerulonephritis is an important cause of end-stage kidney disease, presenting as chronic renal failure with advanced scarring of glomeruli, interstitial fibrosis, and hypertension-induced arterial changes
Diseases Affecting Tubules and Interstitium include inflammatory involvement or ischemic/toxic tubular injury leading to acute tubular necrosis and acute renal failure
Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) primarily involves the interstitium and tubules, with bacterial infection causing pyelonephritis and nonbacterial cases termed interstitial nephritis
Acute Pyelonephritis is a common suppurative inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by bacterial infection, often by enteric gram-negative rods
Common causes of TIN include bacterial infection, overconsumption of certain medications like Tylenol or ibuprofen, and nonbacterial origins
Pyelonephritis affects the pelvic region and is often caused by bacteria, leading to suppurative inflammation
Glomerular diseases and chronic glomerulonephritis have distinct clinical and histologic features, and understanding these conditions is vital for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.

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Description

Test your knowledge of glomerular diseases and chronic glomerulonephritis with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as IgA nephropathy, rapidly progressive GN, and chronic renal failure. Gain a deeper understanding of the clinical and histologic features to enhance your diagnostic skills.