Globalization and Welfare States

Globalization

globalization

Economic Alienation = Feeling disconnected from economic opportunities Political Alienation = Feeling unrepresented by mainstream political parties Class Divide = Disparity between different socioeconomic groups Urban/Rural Divide = Tensions between city and country populations

<p>Equality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>economic power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth of the middle class (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Victor Nee = Market transition theory Walder = Power conversion thesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Market signals such as competition and consumer behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inequality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deviance, need, and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inequality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social-democratic = Highest solidarity and tolerance Conservative = Moderate support for policies directed at the poor Liberal = Least supportive of poor and unemployed Scandinavian = Focus on reducing market inequality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social-democratic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opportunities for low-skilled employment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic growth in China and India (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase I: Industrial Revolution to 1950; Phase II: 1950-2000; Phase III: 2000-Present</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>on average</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweden = Very low index of inequality Brazil = Exemplary of excessive inequality China = Rapid growth and population size United States = Higher inequality than global average</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actual incomes adjusted for price levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are pivotal due to their large populations and rapid economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Technological Trap (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor economic management and corruption due to over-reliance on natural resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Landlocked</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Core = Wealthy and developed nations dominating global trade Semi-Periphery = Developing nations with some economic influence Periphery = Poorer countries exporting raw materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Policies and regulations related to globalization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive impact on economic growth or improvement of human and women's rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of a dangerous event multiplied by the amount of expected damage connected to this event. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>System failures or social constructs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>families; communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social risk = Risk produced by the system Welfare capitalism = Synergy between social policy and economic growth Friendly societies = Private self-help and unions formed by industrial workers Disability and old-age insurance = Programs developed after WWI for male breadwinners</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration of urban poverty and low wages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transformation of labor into a market commodity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The probability of a dangerous event occurring multiplied by the amount of expected damage connected to it. It represents something undesirable that could happen.

The absence of resources to protect oneself from harm when something undesirable happens. It represents vulnerability to risk.

Risks that are rooted in social systems and structures, rather than individual choices or failures. These risks are often associated with poverty, unemployment, and inequality.

A system of social risk management that aims to protect individuals and families from economic hardship and vulnerability. It typically involves social insurance programs, welfare benefits, and public services.

The informal system of support and care provided by families and communities before the rise of industrial capitalism. It relied on personal relationships and shared responsibilities to address risks.

The emergence of new risks associated with the transition to industrial capitalism. These included risks related to wage labor, unemployment, sickness, and old age.

The period in which the welfare state emerged as a response to industrial capitalism. It involved the shift from informal to formal systems of social security, with the government playing a central role in risk management.

A system that emphasizes the synergy between social policies and economic growth. It promotes social programs aimed at improving the well-being of citizens, contributing to a more stable and productive economy.

Countries with potential for growth struggle to escape poverty due to four main traps: conflict, natural resources, landlocked location, and bad governance.

Violence and instability disrupt economic activities, hindering development in countries affected by civil wars or conflicts.

Countries with abundant natural resources may become overly reliant on them, leading to poor economic management and corruption, while hindering broader development.

Countries without access to the sea face difficulties trading goods, limiting their economic growth potential.

Poor leadership and corruption can hinder economic progress since resources are not utilized effectively for the benefit of the population.

This theory divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries based on economic power and level of development.

Wealthy, developed nations that dominate global trade and possess strong economies.

These are developing nations with some influence and economic power, situated between core and periphery countries.

The shift away from a centrally planned, communist economy towards a market-based system, as seen in China.

This theory argues that economic success in a transitioning market is driven by individual talent, skill, and effort, rather than political connections.

The idea that individuals' economic achievement in transitioning markets often outweighs the importance of their political affiliations.

This theory suggests that political power remains influential even after a market transition, with those who held power in the communist system converting it into economic power.

The process of creating distinct social classes based on wealth, income, and social status, which often arises in transitioning markets.

The emergence of a significant middle class in a society, typically associated with market transitions and economic growth.

The situation where individuals have more opportunities to improve their economic standing based on their skills and abilities, rather than their family background.

The reduction in the number of people living in poverty, typically a result of economic growth and market transitions.

The gap between rich and poor countries widened significantly during the early years of globalization (around 1980). Richer nations experienced faster economic growth than poorer ones.

During the globalization era, there was a trend towards greater income equality across the world, primarily driven by the rapid economic development of large, populous countries like China and India.

Global inequality is measured by considering individuals' actual incomes, not just average income per country. This accounts for the fact that some countries have a much larger population than others, influencing the overall distribution of wealth.

The period before the Industrial Revolution saw little development and relatively stable income inequality. However, with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, income inequality skyrocketed, particularly due to the exploitation of colonial territories. This period is characterized by a growing divide between the West and the rest of the world.

This phase (1950-2000) saw a surge in income inequality, reaching its peak. Inequality between countries widened due to the West's dominance, while inequality within countries started to decline as welfare states and education systems developed in Western nations.

The current phase (2000 onwards) is characterized by a convergence of incomes globally, with decreasing inequality between nations and rising inequality within nations. This is attributed to the rapid economic growth of developing countries like China and India, which are driving down the gap between nations.

The global distribution of income is not uniform. It tends to cluster into three distinct zones: low, middle, and high-income countries. This pattern is consistent with the world-systems theory, which suggests that countries can move between these zones, as illustrated by Japan's rise from a lower income category.

Global inequality is significantly higher than inequality in countries like Brazil, often considered an example of high inequality. It is almost twice as high as inequality in the United States, while Sweden enjoys a much lower inequality index.

The Yellow Vest movement highlights the economic and political alienation of certain groups, particularly feeling excluded from the benefits of globalization. They feel unrepresented by traditional political actors and struggle with economic hardship.

The Yellow Vests movement spread rapidly and organically, fueled by social media and a shared sense of grievance. This demonstrates the impact of globalization in connecting individuals across borders and fostering collective action.

The Yellow Vests movement reflects a tension between the needs of different socioeconomic groups. Globalized economic policies can create winners and losers, leading to resentment and social unrest.

The Yellow Vests movement exposed a deep urban-rural divide, reflecting different experiences of economic globalization and political representation. It challenges the traditional power structures and highlights the need for more inclusive policies.

The Yellow Vests movement illustrates the impact of globalization on traditional power structures. It led to a rise of new actors challenging the established political and economic order, fueled by feelings of exclusion and disenfranchisement.

The extent to which a welfare state focuses on providing benefits to specific groups in need (means-tested), or provides universal benefits to all citizens.

The degree to which a welfare regime aims to reduce income inequality between citizens.

The extent to which a welfare regime provides opportunities for low-skilled workers to find and maintain employment.

The perception held by the majority population about whether immigrants are different from them, potentially leading to feelings of 'us vs. them'.

The perception held by the majority population about the level of need experienced by immigrants, influencing their willingness to support welfare assistance.

The perception held by the majority population about immigrants' ability to control their own employment situation, influencing attitudes towards welfare support.

The belief that immigrants are less deserving of welfare benefits than native citizens, leading to a rejection of policies that support them.