Globalization and Modernization

Chapter 5: Globalization and Modernization

• Globalization is the increasing interconnectedness of people, products, ideas, and places.
• Marshall McLuhan proposed the concept of the global village.
• McLuhan believed increased interaction leads to greater global responsibility for social betterment.
• Globalization increases interconnectedness through material connections, shrinking the world, and disseminating ideas/cultures.
• Western beauty ideals profoundly impact women globally.
• Weight concerns and anorexia are becoming more common in non-Western countries, with increased media exposure.

Modernization Theory

• It attempts to identify features predicting societal progress and development.
• It suggests a society's internal aspects (economic, social, cultural) aid or hinder development.
• It argues that countries are poor due to traditional attitudes, technologies, and institutions.
• It posits all countries should modernize like Western Europe and North America, going through established stages.

W.W. Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

• All societies start as traditional societies emphasizing history/tradition, which leads to little economic mobility and prioritizing stability.
• Traditional societies rely on subsistence agriculture or hunting/gathering.
• These societies focus on spiritual richness over material wealth.
• Traditional societies can't keep up with demand for raw materials which leads to developing commercial agriculture.
• Cash crops are crops sold instead of consumed by producers.
• The second period is preconditions to takeoff, there are widespread technological advances that lead to increased productivity.
• The third period is the economic takeoff, manufacturing becomes efficient and the size/scale increases.
• Societies can produce goods for domestic consumption and export during the economic takeoff period.
• Markets emerge during the time of individualism.
• In the fourth period of technological maturity, all sectors are involved in market production and international trade.
• During the technological maturity period, economies diversify, absolute poverty decreases, and cities grow.
• Individualism increases, resulting in social movements.
• In the final period of mass consumption, people want diverse available products.
• Consumers can consume more diversity because they now have disposable income.
• During the Middle Ages, exploration and trade increased, bringing wealth to Western Europe.
• Monocropping is an economically efficient method to repeatedly grow one high-yield crop.
• Monocropping may increase short-term food production and prosperity but cause long-term environmental disadvantages.
• Modernization theory is criticized as it fails to recognize rich nations industrialized by colonizing and exploiting resources from other nations.
• The European takeoff period was fueled by resources taken from other countries.
• The idea that poor countries remain poor due to backwardness, or refusal to use technology is untrue and ethnocentric.
• Ethnocentricity is judging other cultures by the standards of one's own.

World Systems Theory and Global Inequality

• World Systems Theory highlights the inherent inequality through globalization and global development.
• This theory developed as a critique of modernization theory.
• It views the world as a transnational division of labor between core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries.
• Core countries are the most powerful in the world; their power lies in their diverse economies and focus on manufacturing goods instead of extracting raw resources.
• Periphery countries are the least powerful, are not diversified, and focus on extracting raw materials for export.
• Semi-periphery countries combine characteristics of core and periphery and are moving toward industrialization and economic diversification.
• Based on Marx's conflict theory, World Systems Theory views core countries as capitalists benefiting from periphery countries' (proletariat) labor.
• Commodity chains gather resources, transform them into goods, and distribute them to consumers.
• World systems theory has been criticized because foreign trade has helped some countries.
• Foreign investment stimulates growth and not economic decline.
• According to Daina Stuklus Eglitis, wealthy countries benefit from global poverty because it ensures affordable goods, benefits Western companies, fosters access to resources, supports medical advances, and contributes to Western advancement. It can also pacify the Western proletariat.
• Global poverty provides jobs and benefits wealthy inhabitants who feel good about helping.
• The poverty of less developed states makes possible the flow of resources westward and offers scapegoats for global environmental threats.
• Ecological footprint is the amount of land/sea needed to supply a population's resources and process its waste.
• World Society Theory focuses on global institutions and cultural models shaping the behavior of nations, organizations, and individuals.

Global Change and Development

• According to the World Society Theory, global change is the consequence of emerging global institutions and a "world culture" since WWII.
• Countries are becoming increasingly similar.
• Individuals and nation-states adopt common cultural frames/perspectives.
• Western society theory is rooted in comparative education research conducted in the 1970s.
• Education systems were based on cultural models, providing blueprints for a good education system.
• UNESCO is an international organization emphasizing education's importance in creating global citizens/access to education.
• Research by Frank, Camp, and Boutcher suggests rising regulation of rape/child sexual abuse indicates international change in norms about individualism.
• Gini index measures income inequality on a scale of 0 to 1; 0 = perfect equality; 1 = maximum inequality.
• A lower Gini index indicates more equality.
• Human Development Index (HDI) measures average achievement in life expectancy, education, and standard of living.
• Research by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett suggests more equal societies do better in a variety of ways than less equal ones.
• Crime rates are tied to inequality, and everyone is adversely affected through mental health problems.
• Three main strategies to solve global inequality: development assistance, debt relief, and micro-financing.
• Fair trade certification guarantees producers are paid a stable and minimum price for their product.

Chapter 6: Race and Ethnicity

• Race is a social distinction based on perceived physical or biological characteristics (e.g., hair texture, eye color).
• Ethnicity is rooted in cultural differences like language, religion, or a shared history.
• Essentialism says some inherent element makes a person part of a specific race or ethnic group.
• Each racial/ethnic group contains traits carried from the past to the present.
• This argument relies on kinship, meaning members of a group feel they share characteristics, origins, or blood.
• A criticism of essentialism is that it cannot account for changing ideas of race and ethnicity.
• Berger and Luckman argue that all knowledge is derived from and maintained by social interactions.
• Social constructionists argue racial and ethnic categories are created by society, not natural.
• Spencer Wells states genetic testing cannot reveal a person's race.
• All humans share a common male ancestor and are separated by only 2000 generations, with larger within-group variation.
• In Brazil race can change with social class.
• Rich non-white parents are more likely to call their children are white.
• Censuses systematically collect data of people within their borders.
• Mary C. Waters argues white people in the U.S. can select their ethnic label or claim no ethnic label.
• Symbolic ethnicity is an individualistic label with little cost.
• Social construction highlights that social categories are created, not natural.
• Thomas principle states social constructions have real consequences.
• Racism is an organized system of race-based group privilege held together by an ideology of color/race supremacy.
• Racism creates both privileges and sanctions, including white privilege, restrictions, and limitations based on race.
• Peggy McIntosh challenged herself to think about the advantages she experiences as a white American.

Invisible Knapsack

• Invisible Knapsack: unearned assets that one can count on, which is often ignored.
• One example of racism is Islamophobia: intense fear/hatred of Islam or Muslims, like the Quebec City mosque shooting.
• Most believe Canada as a meritocracy and expects immigrants to have higher incomes.
• The Canadian immigration system attracts educated immigrants but limits their job performance.
• First Nations are Indigenous people of Canada who are not Inuit nor Metis, consisting of 663 groups.
• Inuit are Indigenous people living in the Arctic.
• Metis people have First Nations and European ancestors.
• First Nations, Inuit, and Metis people make up 5% of the Canadian population.

Royal Proclamation

• The Royal Proclamation of 1763 recognized "Indian" nations, claiming sovereignty over them.
• It instructed colonial governments to respect Indian land, leading to treaties.
• It outlined the Government of Canada's definition of "Indian" and allowed regulation.
• The government tried to assimilate Indigenous people by restricting their culture.
• "Status" means being registered under the Indian Act, allowing benefits and rights.
• "Residence" means being connected to a reserve system in Canada.
• Jeff Corntassel challenges our idea of peoplehood for Indigenous communities.
• Prejudice is a negative attitude towards someone based solely on their group membership.
• Discrimination is negative or positive treatment based on group membership.
• According to Theodore W. Adorno, those with an authoritarian personality are likely to develop prejudices.
• Authoritarian personality involves using strict or oppressive behavior towards subordinates.
• The World Values Survey is an international survey asking citizens about their values to compare attitudes across the world.
• Lawrence Bobo, states prejudice stems from competition for resources.

Realistic Conflict & Contact Theory

• Realistic conflict theory argues that when groups compete for the same resources, negative attitudes develop.
• Muzafer and Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment split 22 boys and developed intense animosity toward one another.
• Contact theory predicts increasing contact between groups will reduce prejudice.
• Conflict/prejudice diminished when groups worked together.
• Critical race theory argues racism is a systemic feature of society, created in 1980s.
• Racism serves important purposes and is founded on intersectionality.
• Immigration is the movement of people around the world and Canada has a high immigration rate (21% born outside country).
• Canada has three immigrant categories: Economic, Family class and Refugees.
• Canada uses a point system to decide which skilled workers to accept.
• 67 points or higher are eligible to come to Canada.

Multiculturalism

• Multiculturalism is a doctrine promoting cultural differences as integral to society defined by Vince Wilson.
• It is based on conflict and ethnicity, as essential to identity/group behavior.
• Canada passed the Canadian Multiculturalism Act in 1988 to manage racial/ethnic conflict.
• John Porter used the term vertical mosaic to describe Canadian society, highlighting different ethnicities/languages unequal in status/power.
• Porter notes that the British and French were charter groups, settling unoccupied/newly conquered regions.
• Porter's theory draws on Marx's conflict theory and examines how power/ethnicity can shape certain groups.
• Nation is a group of people united by fate that share a national character.
• Nation-state is a group that share a territory and government, but not ethnicity, language, or history.
• Benedict Anderson states nations are imagined communities where members share an image of communion.
• The Migrant Integration Policy Index measures how well countries integrate newcomers by looking at labour market mobility, education and access to citizenship.

Chapter 7: Gender and Sexuality

• After failing the chromosomal test Maria Jose Martinez-Patino was told she was genetically male.
• She had no "advantage" from testosterone the test revoked her sports scholarship.
• Sex is a biological identity divided into male and female.
• Gender is a social concept regarding the ways genders are defined within society.
• Gender and ethnicity are rooted in social and cultural constructions and distinctions.
• The Transgender (or trans) umbrella encompasses different gender identities and expressions.
• Kori Doty is a non-binary transgender person registered their child without listing a sex.
• Gender roles are sets of roles performed in society.
• Goffman notes that we perform roles on the stage of life with clothes and mannerisms.
• Judith Butler argues gender is created through performances and repetition.
• Performativity is not a act, but a ritual.
• Labelling a person by gender is overly restrictive.
• Gender does not automatically stem from personality but from cultural norms that are subsequently reinforced.
• The accepted and "natural" composition encourages us to categorize people.
• Michael Mesner notes social costs to displaying gender in society.

Masculinity & Feminism

• Cost of masculinity: society has a restrictive idea of manhood.
• Michela Musto examines the relationship between gender and education in middle school.
• Jessica Streeter argues even what we drink reinforces gender.
• Feminism involves equality between women and men and how gender inequality comes about in society.
• This influenced many social sciences.
• First-wave feminism occurred in the nineteenth century focused on de jure inequalities that are part of the legal and political system.
• Second-wave feminism began in the U.S broadened movement beyond political and legal rights and sought social change on wide range of issues.
• Third-wave feminism continues in the present as a wave of diverse women's movements.
• Many activists felt the second wave did not represent women.
• Liberal feminism emerged in the eighteenth century viewing women as genetically and physically less capable.
• Radical feminism viewed that institutions cannot be reformed and should be eliminated.
• Socialist feminists question both liberal and radical feminism.
• Marxist-feminist believe that woman cannot experience liberation through changes in sex.
• Intersectionality studies about how aspects of inequality can combine.
• Created in 1980 and studies black women.

Sports & Sexuality

• A round of layoffs said black women must no be gender discriminating because all women were fired.
• Sports are a social institution because people come together with racial, ethical and class divisions.
• In sports, the language used is often gendered.
• Women's sports receive 4% less news covereage.
• Workforce and women's labor force have been increasing due to economics.
• What men and women earn is based on the types of work and the household that take place.
• Men have an easier time getting a second shift.
• The World Economic Forum shows canada's overall declining progress.
• Hochschild calls this situation the second shift.
• Banaji and Greenwald came up with interesting test for social expierments.
• The feelings of sexuatity are all emotions.
• Alfred Kinsey performed some of the best sexualuty studies.
• His studies had 18,000 people get involved in his studies.
• His published works, Sex and Behavior, were known as the Kinsey Report.
• Rated on a scaule to test the different results.

Men & Women

• Those on heterosexual homosexaul scaule were mostly men.
• Women's behavior was due to age and view on equaluty.
• Homophobia is the negative set of beliefs about sexuality.
• Dowden and Brenan had 16% crime rate was due to orientation.
• Herek, having a personal connection, makes you more likely for acceptance.
• Heteronative or heteronormative are those set of social constructaive.
• Karin Marin had 600 women of children ages 6, and found most of thos women to be straight.
• Ned had outlines for modern ideas and were all constructivly sound.

Chapter 9: Family

• Peter Beger and that it helps find the strangeness of familarity.
• Families are groups that are related by family.
• Marriages that are together are called faimly Houselods.
• Marriage is a type of legal union.
• Nucelar consists of 2 adutls together.
• Extended family comes in two differect forms.
• There is a decline that has been decclaring
• Andrew points out these that chnages in the way society change.
• People are choosing to remarried

Cohabitation & Marriage

• Same of different couples cohbaite.
• Roles are becoming question in modenr socieity.
• Women are going into the force more and more.
• the Norms are changing.
• They change because peoples parents are single.
• Divorce rates have been rasing over time.
• Those divorce rate highligthed the ideal to keep up good behavior.
• With the rise of different religions people are coming togetehr.
• Institional have the sole reason to make people to stay tight and soildy.
• Compassionate are make a division.
• They also are based on frienships.
• Incidivudalie were for on the same sex.
• Arranged are a third party person.
• In many cutlures the child count is higher but in western countires is not.
• In china in 1779 there was a law that forbit it.
• Structual points focus on the cutlres of how thye stay.
• and also points to four points.
• All points to family life and way and how all these people live and the obligatoins they have.
• that family have work well with each to getehr and the role thye play.
• Conflict theorirs find a way.
• and also who is power.
• rents out single mothers.
• The family is not the greatist.
• The most importis is the age

Society

• Confict theorirs and the structire work together.

Exmines the the way they attrach social classes.

• Conudcted interwios with the dating.
• Humour are culture.
• Chapter 8 gives the cutlures form soceity to soceity.
• There are around 7 the cutlres in the world.
• They each have a way to be spoke but in a dfferent ways.
• Sapir and Worf points out a diffrece ways to speak cutlres.
• The French cutlre has a set ways.
• and they ways you respect.
• Korean has seven ways o speak.
• Media the way of the communciatino that goes between you and reciver..

The one message is to get a message out.

• Macluha canadian teacher at the unversity of To.

Communication

• Commcaiton is important especially between all those who are trying to message.
• Also imporrtiant to know the wrods on the internten, and who and what they are saying.
• The the printing press efficient and easy to make.
• Martin also used the way.
• Martin let to the protestion.
• The social intergradions.
• and all the the media has changed to one form.
• The power over ther eleted are they both are conection.
• Power elite a group of leaders.
• Idear is about all they they and pressiion.
• Noam chomsky and Herman all are weatlth and powefrul.
• What is the way the people are gettng represnts.
• MArtins and harrsiun is surevysed.

Media & The Web

• Found the teens had high self essstem.
• New media accessible on demand, interactive, digiatl and user comments.
• social media is type of web
• Kaplane HAenlien is good way of media.
• Cyberblully is interretion and ways to intimdate them.
• Adiorian and RIcciardelli. they look at how the social mediea is

Communication

• Commcaiton is important especially between all those who are trying to message.
• Also imporrtiant to know the wrods on the internten, and who and what they are saying.
• The the printing press efficient and easy to make.
• Martin also used the way.
• Martin let to the protestion.
• The social intergradions.
• and all the the media has changed to one form.
• The power over ther eleted are they both are conection.
• Power elite a group of leaders.
• Idear is about all they they and pressiion.
• Noam chomsky and Herman all are weatlth and powefrul.
• What is the way the people are gettng represnts.
• MArtins and harrsiun is surevysed.

Technology & Communication

• The internet is the equalutiy and who gets it.
• urban or rural who gets it.
• Rich and poor citizens do.
• All create many acces to informaotin and interent.
• Internet access is good for commerc.
• Can give and do soocial outles and means the all people use those reasoin.
• Guessman followed kids over time, the violencd caused violents.
• Three types of literacy and all the things they need.
• One must bceom aware for there diet.
• LEarn skils such as analusis what the media.
• Ask what is beind and and reciver,.
• All media does.