Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a potential negative consequence of globalization on labor markets?
What is a potential negative consequence of globalization on labor markets?
- A decrease in the need for skilled labor
- An increase in the number of labor unions
- Increased job opportunities for workers in developed countries
- Greater competition for jobs leading to lower wages (correct)
In the context of globalization, what does the term 'regulation avoidance' refer to?
In the context of globalization, what does the term 'regulation avoidance' refer to?
- Individuals avoiding regulations by using the internet to access information and services
- Governments avoiding international regulations to protect their national interests
- Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) promoting regulations for ethical business practices
- Corporations avoiding regulations in their home countries by operating in other countries (correct)
Which of these is NOT mentioned as a potential negative consequence of globalization?
Which of these is NOT mentioned as a potential negative consequence of globalization?
- Erosion of national sovereignty
- Rise of global terrorism (correct)
- Increased cultural homogenization
- Economic instability in developing countries
What is the main argument presented about the impact of globalization on inequality?
What is the main argument presented about the impact of globalization on inequality?
According to the content, what does 'sustainable development' primarily emphasize?
According to the content, what does 'sustainable development' primarily emphasize?
What is a key economic element of sustainable development mentioned in the text?
What is a key economic element of sustainable development mentioned in the text?
Which of these is NOT explicitly identified as a factor impacting social sustainability?
Which of these is NOT explicitly identified as a factor impacting social sustainability?
What is the main argument presented about developing countries in the context of globalization?
What is the main argument presented about developing countries in the context of globalization?
What is one way globalization can threaten environmental sustainability?
What is one way globalization can threaten environmental sustainability?
Which of the following is NOT presented as a potential solution to address the challenges of globalization?
Which of the following is NOT presented as a potential solution to address the challenges of globalization?
What is meant by the term 'Globalization'?
What is meant by the term 'Globalization'?
Which concept primarily deals with the unequal distribution of resources?
Which concept primarily deals with the unequal distribution of resources?
What does 'Sustainability' emphasize?
What does 'Sustainability' emphasize?
What is the primary focus of the concept of 'Liberty'?
What is the primary focus of the concept of 'Liberty'?
In the context of Neo-Marxism, what is a significant action by developed states toward developing states?
In the context of Neo-Marxism, what is a significant action by developed states toward developing states?
What does 'Justice' primarily concern?
What does 'Justice' primarily concern?
Which of the following best defines 'Equality'?
Which of the following best defines 'Equality'?
What best describes 'Power' in a global context?
What best describes 'Power' in a global context?
What is a potential negative consequence of corruption in the public sector?
What is a potential negative consequence of corruption in the public sector?
How does access to natural resources contribute to economic development?
How does access to natural resources contribute to economic development?
What can be a drawback of relying on foreign direct investment (FDI) for development?
What can be a drawback of relying on foreign direct investment (FDI) for development?
How can access to capital, credit, and aid negatively affect development?
How can access to capital, credit, and aid negatively affect development?
In what way can cultural values promote development?
In what way can cultural values promote development?
What are some potential negative impacts of gender roles on development?
What are some potential negative impacts of gender roles on development?
What factor can lead to a vulnerability in countries overly reliant on resource exports?
What factor can lead to a vulnerability in countries overly reliant on resource exports?
Which of the following describes a positive outcome of foreign direct investment in developing countries?
Which of the following describes a positive outcome of foreign direct investment in developing countries?
How can aid improve the situation in developing countries?
How can aid improve the situation in developing countries?
What is a potential negative impact of cultural factors on development?
What is a potential negative impact of cultural factors on development?
What can be a consequence of poor governance in the context of receiving aid?
What can be a consequence of poor governance in the context of receiving aid?
How can a lack of an independent judiciary affect a country's development?
How can a lack of an independent judiciary affect a country's development?
Which of the following can best enhance a country's development through natural resource management?
Which of the following can best enhance a country's development through natural resource management?
What role do cultural attributes play in attracting foreign investment?
What role do cultural attributes play in attracting foreign investment?
What does a high gini coefficient indicate in a society?
What does a high gini coefficient indicate in a society?
Which three dimensions does the Human Development Index (HDI) address?
Which three dimensions does the Human Development Index (HDI) address?
What aspect of development does the Genuine Progress Indicator include that GDP does not?
What aspect of development does the Genuine Progress Indicator include that GDP does not?
What is the main purpose of the Happy Planet Index (HPI)?
What is the main purpose of the Happy Planet Index (HPI)?
Which factor is critical for promoting development according to the content?
Which factor is critical for promoting development according to the content?
What is one major consequence of women being unable to realize their potential in society?
What is one major consequence of women being unable to realize their potential in society?
How does low government transparency affect development?
How does low government transparency affect development?
What is the effect of migration on the GDP of both the recipient and home countries?
What is the effect of migration on the GDP of both the recipient and home countries?
Which is NOT included as an indicator in the Genuine Progress Indicator?
Which is NOT included as an indicator in the Genuine Progress Indicator?
What measures are combined to improve the accuracy of the Human Development Index (HDI)?
What measures are combined to improve the accuracy of the Human Development Index (HDI)?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of climate change on development?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of climate change on development?
According to Rostow's model of development, what characterizes the 'Take-off' stage?
According to Rostow's model of development, what characterizes the 'Take-off' stage?
Which of the following does the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) primarily assess?
Which of the following does the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) primarily assess?
What effect does conflict have on development?
What effect does conflict have on development?
What is a potential downside of the neoliberal model of development?
What is a potential downside of the neoliberal model of development?
What aspect of development does climate change exacerbate for poor communities?
What aspect of development does climate change exacerbate for poor communities?
In what way does accountability improve development?
In what way does accountability improve development?
How does the Washington Consensus differ from traditional neoliberalism?
How does the Washington Consensus differ from traditional neoliberalism?
What is often a consequence of a lack of governance and transparency?
What is often a consequence of a lack of governance and transparency?
How does the Happy Planet Index rank countries?
How does the Happy Planet Index rank countries?
Which stage in Rostow's model is characterized by a highly diversified economy?
Which stage in Rostow's model is characterized by a highly diversified economy?
Which factor is least likely to promote development according to the content?
Which factor is least likely to promote development according to the content?
What is a significant consequence of brain drain for the home country of migrants?
What is a significant consequence of brain drain for the home country of migrants?
According to neoliberal theory, what is a preferred source of economic growth?
According to neoliberal theory, what is a preferred source of economic growth?
What is a common effect of large numbers of immigrants in a host country?
What is a common effect of large numbers of immigrants in a host country?
Which of the following represents an environmental factor that can inhibit development?
Which of the following represents an environmental factor that can inhibit development?
What is the initial characteristic of societies in the 'Preconditions for Take-off' stage in Rostow's model?
What is the initial characteristic of societies in the 'Preconditions for Take-off' stage in Rostow's model?
What issue arises from the lack of women's economic empowerment?
What issue arises from the lack of women's economic empowerment?
What is a central requirement for a knowledge economy to thrive?
What is a central requirement for a knowledge economy to thrive?
Which of the following characterizes a circular economy?
Which of the following characterizes a circular economy?
How can education influence economic gains for individuals?
How can education influence economic gains for individuals?
What is one major social change expected from empowering women?
What is one major social change expected from empowering women?
Which of these is a disadvantage of globalization?
Which of these is a disadvantage of globalization?
What is expected from changes in production and consumption behavior in a circular economy?
What is expected from changes in production and consumption behavior in a circular economy?
Which development approach is highlighted as essential for societal advancement?
Which development approach is highlighted as essential for societal advancement?
What role does healthcare access play in productivity?
What role does healthcare access play in productivity?
What is a consequence of women's education on family health?
What is a consequence of women's education on family health?
How does globalization contribute to cultural development?
How does globalization contribute to cultural development?
Which factor is crucial to enable the circular economy?
Which factor is crucial to enable the circular economy?
What impact does education have on women’s status in society?
What impact does education have on women’s status in society?
Which describes a potential benefit of improved healthcare?
Which describes a potential benefit of improved healthcare?
What is a primary goal of education in terms of sustainable development?
What is a primary goal of education in terms of sustainable development?
What is a significant aspect of development according to Human Development principles?
What is a significant aspect of development according to Human Development principles?
Which of the following best describes sustainable development?
Which of the following best describes sustainable development?
What is the primary focus in measuring human development?
What is the primary focus in measuring human development?
Why is economic growth considered too simplistic in defining development?
Why is economic growth considered too simplistic in defining development?
Which of the following is a major concern related to poverty in development policies?
Which of the following is a major concern related to poverty in development policies?
What does 'the personal is political' imply in feminist theory within International Relations (IR)?
What does 'the personal is political' imply in feminist theory within International Relations (IR)?
How does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs relate to development?
How does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs relate to development?
Which of the following describes neo-colonialism in the context of development?
Which of the following describes neo-colonialism in the context of development?
What does effective strategy in addressing development-related problems entail?
What does effective strategy in addressing development-related problems entail?
What is an essential factor for sustainable development according to the principles outlined?
What is an essential factor for sustainable development according to the principles outlined?
What is the primary objective of economic development?
What is the primary objective of economic development?
Why is it important to widen human capabilities in development?
Why is it important to widen human capabilities in development?
How does human development differ from traditional economic measures of development?
How does human development differ from traditional economic measures of development?
Which of the following is NOT a key element of sustainable development?
Which of the following is NOT a key element of sustainable development?
What is the primary characteristic of state capitalism?
What is the primary characteristic of state capitalism?
Which of the following is a key theory related to economic development and quality of life?
Which of the following is a key theory related to economic development and quality of life?
Martha Nussbaum identifies several basic capabilities required for a good life. Which of these is NOT one of them?
Martha Nussbaum identifies several basic capabilities required for a good life. Which of these is NOT one of them?
What has been one notable outcome of the economic strategies in East Asian economies?
What has been one notable outcome of the economic strategies in East Asian economies?
How does tourism usually impact the job market?
How does tourism usually impact the job market?
What is essential for fostering entrepreneurship?
What is essential for fostering entrepreneurship?
What is a primary source of foreign exchange for host countries in tourism?
What is a primary source of foreign exchange for host countries in tourism?
What has significantly contributed to the development of the economy based on the Washington Consensus?
What has significantly contributed to the development of the economy based on the Washington Consensus?
Which of the following best describes a knowledge economy?
Which of the following best describes a knowledge economy?
Which of the following approaches became popular as a response to the failure of the import substitution model?
Which of the following approaches became popular as a response to the failure of the import substitution model?
Which of the following is NOT a tool used by governments to exercise control over the economy?
Which of the following is NOT a tool used by governments to exercise control over the economy?
What does the concept of capability primarily focus on?
What does the concept of capability primarily focus on?
What has been a notable effect of tourism in an increasingly globalized world?
What has been a notable effect of tourism in an increasingly globalized world?
Which of the following represents a challenge within the tourism industry?
Which of the following represents a challenge within the tourism industry?
Flashcards
Development
Development
A sustained increase in the standard of living in a society.
Globalization
Globalization
The increasing interconnectedness among countries through trade, culture, and ideas.
Inequality
Inequality
A state where equality is not realized, leading to compromised justice and liberty.
Sustainability
Sustainability
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Justice
Justice
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Liberty
Liberty
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Equality
Equality
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Power
Power
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Gini Coefficient
Gini Coefficient
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Human Development Index (HDI)
Human Development Index (HDI)
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Life Expectancy
Life Expectancy
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Average Years of Schooling
Average Years of Schooling
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PPP GNI per capita
PPP GNI per capita
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Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
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Happy Planet Index (HPI)
Happy Planet Index (HPI)
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Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
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Political Stability
Political Stability
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
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Governance
Governance
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Accountability
Accountability
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Transparency
Transparency
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Development Disparities
Development Disparities
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Human Capital
Human Capital
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Neo-colonialism
Neo-colonialism
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Global North vs Global South
Global North vs Global South
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Feminist Critical Theory
Feminist Critical Theory
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Economic Development
Economic Development
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Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reduction
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Human Development
Human Development
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Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
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Human Capabilities
Human Capabilities
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Income-based Measures
Income-based Measures
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Quality of Life
Quality of Life
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Social Factors in Development
Social Factors in Development
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Political Representation
Political Representation
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Sustainability Pillars
Sustainability Pillars
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Washington Consensus
Washington Consensus
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State Capitalism
State Capitalism
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Sovereign Wealth Funds
Sovereign Wealth Funds
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State-Owned Enterprises
State-Owned Enterprises
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Capability Theory
Capability Theory
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Martha Nussbaum
Martha Nussbaum
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Basic Capabilities
Basic Capabilities
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Trade Liberalization
Trade Liberalization
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Export Orientation
Export Orientation
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East Asian Economies
East Asian Economies
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Tourism
Tourism
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Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
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Knowledge Economy
Knowledge Economy
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Infrastructure's Role
Infrastructure's Role
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Exploitation of Labor
Exploitation of Labor
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Wealth Concentration
Wealth Concentration
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Wage Competition
Wage Competition
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Price Competition
Price Competition
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Regulation Avoidance
Regulation Avoidance
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Cultural Homogenization
Cultural Homogenization
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Inequality and Development
Inequality and Development
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Economic Sustainability
Economic Sustainability
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Environmental Sustainability
Environmental Sustainability
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Gender Discrimination
Gender Discrimination
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Migration
Migration
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Economic Growth from Migration
Economic Growth from Migration
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Brain Drain
Brain Drain
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Climate Change Impact
Climate Change Impact
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Rostow's Model
Rostow's Model
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Take-off Stage
Take-off Stage
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Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism
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Urbanization
Urbanization
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High Mass Consumption
High Mass Consumption
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Social Unrest from Migration
Social Unrest from Migration
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Development Models
Development Models
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Circular Economy
Circular Economy
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Educated Workforce
Educated Workforce
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Think Tanks
Think Tanks
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Healthcare Impact
Healthcare Impact
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Education and Income
Education and Income
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Women's Empowerment
Women's Empowerment
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Interdependence
Interdependence
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Cultural Rights
Cultural Rights
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Transnational Problems
Transnational Problems
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Resource Redistribution
Resource Redistribution
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Entrepreneurship Environment
Entrepreneurship Environment
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Globalized Economies
Globalized Economies
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Corruption
Corruption
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Recycling Materials
Recycling Materials
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Independent Judiciary
Independent Judiciary
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Access to Resources
Access to Resources
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Rostow’s Model
Rostow’s Model
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Economic Vulnerability
Economic Vulnerability
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Access to Capital
Access to Capital
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Aid Dependence
Aid Dependence
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Cultural Impact on Development
Cultural Impact on Development
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Gender Roles
Gender Roles
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Innovation Culture
Innovation Culture
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Natural Resource Export
Natural Resource Export
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Human Rights in FDI
Human Rights in FDI
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Economic Growth
Economic Growth
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Social Factors
Social Factors
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Study Notes
Development Theories and Concepts
- Development: A sustained increase in a society's standard of living.
- Globalization: Growing interdependence and interconnectedness among countries through trade, culture, finance, and ideas.
- Inequality: Unequal access to resources hindering justice and liberty. Manifests in unequal distribution of resources for individuals and groups.
- Sustainability: Ensuring present actions benefit future generations, balancing human needs with environmental protection.
- Justice: Fair treatment under universally applied laws, ensuring rights and a fair trial.
- Liberty: Freedom from excessive government interference, permitting personal flourishing.
- Human Rights: Indivisible rights inherent to all humans, without discrimination.
- Equality: Equal treatment and opportunities for all people.
- Power: A global actor's ability to influence another actor's actions.
Neo-Marxism/Neo-Colonialism
- Stems from Marxist class struggle, applied internationally.
- Developed states exploit developing states by extracting resources, creating dependence.
- Free trade, privatization, and deregulation are new forms of neo-colonialism.
- Global North vs. Global South highlights the disparity.
Feminist Critical Theory
- Challenges traditional IR focus on the state, emphasizing the private sphere.
- Women's empowerment through education, employment, and political participation promotes development.
Different Definitions of Development
- Traditionally, development equaled economic growth (quantifiable economic and technological advance).
- Now includes social and political factors (like human rights and democracy).
- Development necessitates an improved quality of life for all in a society.
- It needs to be sustainable, enduring for future generations.
Economic Development
- Aims to increase productivity and revenue, diversifying the economy.
- Typically measured by GDP/GNP increase and improving the standard of living.
- Primarily regarding value and productivity over money.
- Key to development is poverty reduction and equitable wealth distribution.
Human Development
- Focuses on people's freedoms, opportunities, and well-being.
- Emphasizes capabilities (prerequisites) for achieving a fulfilling life.
- Involves improving knowledge, skills, and health and also the appropriate use of attained well-being.
Sustainable Development
- Meets present needs without compromising future generations' needs.
- Balances social, economic, and environmental factors.
- Emphasizes eliminating poverty, changing consumption habits, and resource protection.
Measuring Development
- Income-based measures: GDP/capita, Gini coefficient. GDP per capita shows economic growth. Gini coefficient assesses income distribution, indicating inequality.
- Complex measures: Human Development Index (HDI) considers life expectancy, education, and income (to offer a more complete view). Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) accounts for social and environmental factors alongside economic growth. Happy Planet Index (HPI) measures well-being and ecological output.
Political Factors
- Peace and stability: Crucial for development. Absence of conflict aids decision-making, FDI, and stability. Violence opposes this, destroying lives and resources.
- Governance: Accountability and transparency are important for development. Corruption misallocates resources.
- Independent judiciary: Essential for impartial review of actions, preventing corruption.
Economic Factors
- Access to resources (natural resources): Essential for economic advancement, but dependence on exports can make it vulnerable.
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Brings revenue, but potentially not invested in the recipient nation.
- Capital, credit, and aid: Can propel development, but poor governance can lead to misappropriation, dependence, and hinder self-reliance.
Social Factors
- Values, cultures, and traditions: Can promote and hinder development depending on their nature (e.g. entrepreneurship versus labor unrest).
- Gender roles: Can empower or limit development. Empowering women improves productivity and well-being.
- Migration: Can boost recipient countries' economies through skills and remittances, but migration also has costs in loss of human resources and potentially social unrest.
Environmental Factors
- Climate change: Counteracts sustainable development by affecting weather, agriculture, health, and development efforts in developing countries disproportionately.
Models of Development
- Rostow's Model (Modernization Theory): Traditional societies transition through stages to high mass consumption.
- Neoliberalism: Limited government intervention, free markets.
- Washington Consensus: Balancing deregulation with strong, accountable government.
- State Capitalism: State control over production and capital, using markets for political advantage.
- Capability Theory: Focuses on people's opportunities and choices, considering health, education, and political freedoms rather than just economic outputs.
Approaches for Developing the Economy
- Trade liberalization and export orientation: Opening markets to encourage global competition and export advantages.
- Tourism and entrepreneurship: Tourism generates foreign exchange and jobs; entrepreneurship fosters innovation and creates opportunities, which needs a conducive infrastructure.
- Knowledge economy: Based on knowledge, information, and intellectual capabilities.
Approaches for Developing Society
- Improving education: Enables economic gains, health improvements, and better decision-making.
- Improving healthcare: Improves human resources and productivity.
- Changing roles of women: Empowering women accelerates economic and social growth.
Globalization
- Advantages: Increased economic growth, standards of living, greater democratic potential. Cultural exchange. Effective management of transnational issues.
- Disadvantages: Job losses in high-cost countries, exploitation of labor, wealth gaps, pressure on wages, and regulatory avoidance.
- Inequality and its impact on Development: Beyond a certain point, inequality hinders growth, poverty reduction, social harmony and overall well-being.
Sustainable Development: The Way Forward
- Economic sustainability: Reducing threats to economic well-being through investing in infrastructure, education, technology.
- Social sustainability: Addressing human well-being, focusing on empowering women, and respecting cultural differences.
- Environmental sustainability: Reducing environmental harm through sustainable energy use, environmentally friendly technologies.
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