Global Security and Asymmetric Warfare
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Global Security and Asymmetric Warfare

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes multipolarity in the context of international relations?

  • Power is distributed among multiple countries. (correct)
  • Power is concentrated in one country.
  • Power is shared by a few dominant nations.
  • Power is held equally between two nations.

    • Bipolarity in international relations is more unstable than multipolarity.

    False

    What are the two principal causes that contribute to the difficulty of attaining intrastate security?

    Lack of central authority and no protection from states.

    In a __________ structure, two states have the majority of economic, military, and cultural influence.

    <p>bipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of asymmetric warfare?

    <p>The conflict is between parties of significantly different military strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Anarchy = No authority to protect states from one another Security dilemma = States must build capabilities to survive Unipolarity = One state holds most influence Symmetric = Comparable military powers and similar tactics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following threats has gained unprecedented attention since the 9/11 attacks?

    <p>Terrorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Democratic states are generally argued to be more __________ than autocracies.

    <p>peaceful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Economic globalization is a recent phenomenon that began in the 21st century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    International institutions have a negative impact on security.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the Bretton Woods Conference?

    <p>To make financial arrangements for the post-war world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ market is known for the illegal trade of various commodities.

    <p>black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following threats with their classifications:

    <p>Terrorism = Non-conventional security Illicit trade = Transnational organized crime Environmental devastation = National security issue Economic globalization = Integration of global economies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the revival of the global economy after a downturn in the 1970s?

    <p>Cold War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bretton Woods Conference had delegates from only European nations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of commodity traded in black markets.

    <p>Drugs, weapons, human organs, endangered species, counterfeit goods, or laundered money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key requirement for a stable international monetary system?

    <p>A system that provides liquidity to finance international transactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bretton Woods System allowed countries to manipulate currency freely.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inflation?

    <p>Inflation is the rate at which the average price level of a basket of selected goods and services increases over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The system known as '__________' allows for temporary assistance to states with balance of payment disequilibria.

    <p>embedded liberalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the decline of the US economy in the 1960's?

    <p>Escalating costs from the Vietnam War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The confidence in the US dollar increased during the 1960's.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following economic terms with their definitions:

    <p>Liquidity = The ease at which assets can be converted to cash Balance of Payments = A record of all transactions made between one country and the rest of the world Inflation = The general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money Embedded Liberalism = A system of regulated trade and economic management among states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Other states were catching up in the 1960's, particularly in the ________ sector.

    <p>economic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to collectively label the neo-liberal policies aimed at minimizing the state's role in the economy?

    <p>Washington Consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Philippines adopted protectionist policies to address the debt crisis in the 1980s.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the significant economic challenges faced by the Philippines during the 1980s?

    <p>Debt crisis and negative balance of payments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are often referred to as ____ when they operate in more than one country.

    <p>Transnational Corporations (TNCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following economic terms with their definitions:

    <p>Economies of Scale = A situation where firms incur falling average costs with increased production Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) = Investment into a business enterprise in one country by an entity from another country Portfolio Investment = Passive investment in securities like stocks and bonds in a host country Conditionality = Requirements imposed on aid to promote good governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event showed that the IMF may have enforced too many conditionalities?

    <p>The East Asian Crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cutbacks on government spending and tax increases were measures taken during the Eurozone Crisis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the proliferation of multinational corporations?

    <p>Liberalization of trade and investments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for foreign corporate investments?

    <p>Cost-reducing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Human Development Index (HDI) focuses solely on economic growth as a measure of a country's development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the international poverty line defined as?

    <p>$1.90/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ inequality measures how wealth is distributed among the population.

    <p>Income</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following countries with their respective GDP ranking type:

    <p>United States = Highest nominal GDP China = Highest GDP (PPP) Germany = Fourth highest nominal GDP India = Third highest in GDP (PPP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that international institutions impact the global economy?

    <p>Neo-Liberal Institutionalist Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Global Divide refers to equal income and living conditions in advanced industrialized states and developing states.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization is responsible for measuring the Human Development Index (HDI)?

    <p>United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Global Security

    • The concept of global security challenges the traditional notion of national security by emphasizing human security over state security.
    • The lack of central authority and the security dilemma make achieving intrastate security difficult.
    • The balance of power distribution plays a significant role in shaping international security.
    • In a multipolar structure, multiple states possess sufficient power to challenge each other, making it potentially unstable.
    • A bipolar structure, where two states dominate power, is considered relatively stable due to the simplified strategic calculations.
    • A unipolar structure features one state with dominant influence economically, militarily, and culturally.
    • Democratic states are generally perceived as more peaceful than autocracies.
    • International institutions are deemed to positively influence security.

    Asymmetric and Symmetric Security

    • Asymmetric warfare occurs between belligerents with significant differences in military power, strategies, or tactics.
    • Symmetric warfare involves two powers with comparable military capabilities and tactics that mainly differ in details and execution.
    • The threat of terrorism has gained unprecedented attention since the 9/11 attacks.
    • Non-conventional security threats, including environmental degradation, climate change, displacement, and disaster relief, are increasingly recognized as national security issues.
    • Illicit trade is a significant security challenge, encompassing black market activities involving various illegal commodities like human trafficking, endangered species, drugs, and weapons.

    Global Economic Globalization

    • Economic globalization is characterized by the integration of economies worldwide, particularly through free trade and financial flows.
    • The Bretton Woods Conference played a pivotal role in establishing the framework for the global economy after World War II.
    • The institutions formed during the conference facilitated market integration, though the process wasn't always smooth.
    • The global economy experienced a downturn in the 1970s but gained momentum after the Cold War.
    • The Bretton Woods Agreement aimed to create a stable international monetary system by providing liquidity for international transactions, specifying adjustment mechanisms for resolving balance of payment disequilibria, and fostering confidence among states.
    • The International Monetary Fund (IMF) provides loans to countries facing temporary balance of payment issues.
    • The system allows for exchange rate adjustments when countries experience fundamental balance of payment problems.

    US and Global Economy in Decline

    • The US economy began to slow down in the 1960s, influenced by factors like the Vietnam War, increased government spending on public education and urban development, and weakening fiscal position.
    • Inflation impacted the US economy, leading to a decline in the competitiveness of US goods and services in the global market and undermining the confidence in the US dollar.
    • Other countries began to catch up with the US economically, particularly European Economic Community (EEC) member states, which benefited from regional economic integration.
    • This reduced reliance on the US for economic and security matters.

    The Philippines and the 1980s Debt Crisis

    • The Philippines undertook structural adjustment programs during the debt crisis, adopting policies like trade liberalization, investment liberalization, finance liberalization, public spending cuts, privatization, deregulation of public services, unilateral tariff reductions, and lifting import restrictions.
    • The aim was to address negative balance of payments issues.

    End of the Cold War

    • Aid conditionality emerged as a tool to promote good governance among members.
    • The East Asian Crisis of 1997, originating in Thailand and spreading across the region, highlighted concerns about potentially excessive IMF conditionality.
    • The 2008 Global Recession and the Eurozone Crisis led to austerity measures in European countries, including spending cuts and tax increases.

    Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

    • Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are a prominent feature of economic globalization, producing goods and services consumed by individuals worldwide.
    • MNCs are organizations owning or controlling subsidiaries or production facilities in countries other than their home country.
    • The proliferation of MNCs can be attributed to trade and investment liberalization.
    • They are seen as a response to a borderless global economy.
    • Economies of scale, achieved by producing and selling goods or services in multiple locations, are a key factor in MNC expansion.
    • Foreign direct investment (FDI) involves a business enterprise in one country being entered by an entity from another country.
    • Portfolio investment refers to a passive investment in host country securities, such as stocks and bonds.

    Reasons for Foreign Corporate Investments

    • Market-seeking strategies involve accessing new markets for goods and services.
    • Resource-seeking involves exploiting natural resources in a host country.
    • Strategic asset-seeking focuses on acquiring valuable assets, such as technologies or companies, for growth or expansion.
    • Efficiency-seeking aims to leverage lower costs, talent, or resources in a host country to improve overall efficiency.

    Perspectives on Economic Globalization

    • Hegemonic theory states that the US's dominant power and willingness to act as a hegemon played a crucial role in establishing a liberal global economy.
    • Neo-liberal institutionalist theory emphasizes the independent impact of international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT on the global economy.

    Global Divide

    • The Global Divide refers to disparities in income and living conditions between advanced industrialized states and developing nations.
    • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a measure used to evaluate the economic development of countries.

    Top 10 Countries by GDP (Nominal)

    • United States
    • China
    • Japan
    • Germany
    • India
    • United Kingdom
    • France
    • Russia
    • Canada
    • Italy

    Top 10 Countries by GDP (PPP)

    • China
    • United States
    • India
    • Japan
    • Germany
    • Russia
    • Indonesia
    • Brazil
    • United Kingdom
    • France

    Income Inequality

    • Income inequality measures the distribution of wealth among a population.

    Poverty

    • Poverty describes a state or condition where individuals or communities lack the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living.
    • Extreme poverty is defined as living below the international poverty line of $1.90/day.
    • Moderate poverty is defined as living with less than $2 or $5 a day, barely meeting basic needs but not threatened by immediate survival.

    Human Development Index (HDI)

    • The HDI was created to emphasize human development.

    • It assesses countries based on people's capabilities rather than solely economic growth.

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    Explore the evolving concept of global security through this quiz. Assess the shift from traditional national security to a focus on human security and understand the dynamics of asymmetric and symmetric warfare. Test your knowledge on the structures of power and the influence of democratic states on global peace.

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