Global Media Cultures

Global Media Cultures

• Culture refers to a way of life shown in tangible and intangible ways
• Media culture comes from the increased use of mass media
• Material culture involves physical objects like clothing and infrastructure
• Non-material culture includes intangible concepts like beliefs and traditions
• Cultural socialization is how culture is learned within communities and homes through observation or instruction
• Cultural exchange happens through interaction with different groups
• Acculturation is adapting to some values of a new culture
• Cultural accommodation involves adopting a new culture only in public
• Cultural assimilation is when one starts resembling people from another group
• Culture flows describes the dynamics of culture in the age of globalization
• Cultural differentialism suggests cultures are unique and not affected by other cultures during globalization
• Culture hybridization is mixing global and local cultures, creating new combinations

Global Flows

• Ethnoscape refers to the movement of people
• Technoscape refers to fluid, globally connected technology
• Financescape refers to the flow of money across countries
• Mediascape refers to the quick production and transfer of information
• Ideoscape refers to the movement of political images
• Cultural convergence is when cultures become similar, leading to a uniform culture
• Cultural imperialism happens when cultures impose themselves on other cultures
• Deterritorialization is when a culture is not tied to its place of origin

Media Cultures

• The media is a straightforward way of conveying something, acting as a channel for communication
• Lule (2014) suggests it can be marked by five eras:
  • Oral communication
  • Script
  • Printing press
  • Electronic media
  • Digital media
• Media helps different areas of globalization like economic, political, and cultural

Media and Filipinos

• Filipinos consume media
• A 2016 study showed a decline in newspaper consumption
• Approximately 96% of Filipinos watch television for about four hours daily (Arcangel, 2017)

Issues in Media Cultures

• Access revolves around who can access media based on socioeconomic factors
• Production and Consumption entails considering what media content is available and who decides it
• Inclusion and Participation involves the representation of people in media and whether it promotes dignity

Cultural Integrity

• Cultural integrity involves how media shapes local culture and how culture is presented in the media
  • A-culturized means without substance
  • Deculturalized means appealing to global audiences by removing specific elements
  • Reculturalized means giving another cultural context
• Culture is expressed through symbols, language, values, beliefs, practices and norms
• Rather than clashing among global flows, cultures integrate resulting in a hybrid unique from global and local origins referred to as as glocalization

Globalization of Religion

• Religion is a system of beliefs directed toward a supernatural realm
• Religion gives a meaning of existence

Types of Religious Organizations

• Church claims exclusive access to truth and includes almost everyone in society
• Sect also believes it is the only one with truth but constitutes a smaller set compared to the Church
• Denomination promotes cooperation with similar groups, joining through individual choice
• Cult can be non-traditional with doctrines from many narratives and members who emphasize divine elements

New Religious Movements (NRMs)

• New Religious Movement is used among social scientist as an alternative to refer to cults negatively portrayed by the media

Major Religions of the World

• Hinduism comes from the Indian subcontinent
• Encompasses varied systems of philosophy, belief, and ritual
• Buddhism began from the teachings of the Buddha in India
• Christianity is stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus of Nazareth in the 1st century AD and the largest of the world's religions
• Judaism comes from the ancient Hebrews
• Monotheistic religion characterized by one transcendent God and a life of religious traditions
• Islam began with the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century CE
• Islam highlights the idea of surrendering to will
• Muhammad is considered the last prophet

Essential Elements of Religion

• Religion is an observable phenomenon
• It is an organized system
• Religious entities are collectively created in a social process for a moral community

Motivation for Religion

• Some affiliate with religion because of Affiliation Motivation which is creating a positive social interaction with people
• Religious Coping is coping with stressful situations
• Religion relates with a spiritual experience
• Religion promotes self-control

Diaspora

• Diaspora is when people are sent out from the Land of Israel
• They are scattered toward different parts of the world

Cultural Pluralism

• Cultural Pluralism occurs when a small group that is sharing identity maintains their cultural practices with larger society norms

Religious Intolerance

• Nonviolent intolerance: Extreme identification with a particular religion
• Violent intolerance: Use of physical violence pursuing subjectively defined religious mission

Transnational Religion

• Transnational religion is a means of describing solutions from migration blended with religious universalism and local particularism

Forms of Glocalization

• Indigenization connects faiths with ethnic groups and culture fused as a unit
• Vernacularization rises vernacular language with symbolic access to the sacred
• Nationalization consolidates specific nations with confessions which occurs in Western and Eastern Europe
• Transnationalization complements nationalization by forcing to identify with religious national homelands or adopt a universalist vision

Perspectives on the Role of Religion in the Globalization Process

• Modernist perspective involves intellectuals whose views entail secularizations looking alike with religions who eventually become the same secular and rational philosophy
• Post-Modernist Perspective
  • Rejects modernist values, instead focusing on expressive individualism
  • Includes "spiritual experiences", predicts the disappearance of religions and promotes expressive individualism.
• Pre-Modernist Perspective
  • Expressed by the Roman Catholic Church as an alternative, one which is post-modern in its occurrence and pre-modern in its sensibility
  • Each religion has secularized in its own way
  • Suggests globalization may not bring a common worldview

Global City

• Global city is a hub for production, finance, and telecommunications
• A lot of cultures interact when multinational corporations is a grander scheme
• This interaction occurs inside the global city and houses industries that promote the globalization of markets
• Cosmopolitanism is a phenomenon most readily associated with the global city.

Saskia Sassen

• Sociologist who wrote 'The Global City' in 1991; defined it noting it is primarily economic
• Saskia characterized global city in 4 ways:
  • Cultural diversity
  • Economic center
  • Geographical dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization
  • Global reach performance

World Cities

• Alpha cities are full service
• Beta cities are major
• Gamma cities are minor
• NYC ranks high in business activity, capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement
• London includes green space, and its financial stock exchange makes it major for time zone advantage for business with Asia
• Paris is a global city that has been visited where its economy prospers because of its educated workers
• Tokyo has a number of corporate headquarters based on finance and its location is near advanced functions are located making the Tokyo area the largest
• Hong Kong is an expensive city due to high housing prices

Reasons to Study Global Cities

• Globalization occurs in physical spaces making it spatial
• Globalization is based in places.
  • Los Angeles is where Hollywood makes movies for global consumption
  • Tokyo contains headquarters for multiple corporations
  • San Fransisco features corporate headquarters
  • Shanghai, Beijing & Guangzhou are centers of trade and finance.

Indicators for Globality

• Economic power is a foremost economic
• Shanghai plays a major role in economic supply
• Singapore is an Asia's competitive city because its market is strong alongside with its livability
• Washington D.C. is the political authority
• Canberra is not an attractive town to tourists since it mainly contains politicians
• Cities containing major organizations can be of political influence
  • New York contains united nations
  • Brussels contains european union
  • Jakarta contains the association of southeast asian nations
  • Frankfurt has european central banks
• Centers of cultural and Higher learning: city's intellectual influence is seen through its publishing.
  • Harvard University is an example of top university
  • Copenhagen: Contains culinary capitals and restaurants
  • Singapore has cultural hub.
• Metro Manila contains foreign residence while Singapore contains high percentage
• Gentrification occurs because there is driving out of lower class residents

Cities Affected By Process

• Australian cities shows that poor aboriginal Australians have been extremely affected
• France displays Muslim migrants forced to move out of Paris
• Global cities has multiple forms as it is a medium of globalization
• Global cities contains fusions where there are ideas. Also wealth and inequality

Demography and Migration

• Demography is the determinant on studying human population trends

Gregorian Calendar

• BC (Before christ) is prior to christ
• BCE (Before common era) is equivalent to that of Before Christ without religious connotations.
• AD (Anno Dormin) is the year of the word
• CE (Common Era) the secular description

Population theories

• Geometric Sequence 2,4,8,16
• Arithmetic Sequence 4,7,10,13
• Malthusian: Natural increase on births and deaths (fertility and mortality).
  • Formulated an essay in 1789, population grows geometrically
  • subsistence grows arithmetically.

Demographic Transition

• Transition from high to low and death rates as developing from pre to industrial

Demographic Framework

• Demographic Framework are discrepancies of crude vital rates on how it looks at mortality and fertility

Stages of Industrial Society

• Pre-industrial society shows high and unstable rates where there is slow population growth
• Fertility has children for farming but there are early illnesses that cause death
• Death rate is unstable because of poor medication
• Early industrial society High population but high birthrates
• Death reasons are medical and water
• Late industrial society shows population high where fertility increases
  • Medical and fewer children needed at work
• Death rate increases as improvised

Characteristics

• Post Industrial is where birth and death rates decrease
  • Family planning is low since there is good health
  • Marriages are later while there is improving status

Migration

• Migration is movement of boundaries
• Migrant is any persons that is moving that can be either voluntary

Global Migration

• Migration affects social and everyday lives and involves numerous movement
• 2030 agenda shows how it interacts with global development and recognizes migration
• Both Labor and forced migrants is one of 2 categories

Drivers

• Forces lead and perpetuates movement
• Economic and demographic.
• Brain Drain exists where those highly qualified have better pay

Overseas Workers

• Overseas worker has employment outside citizen border

Reasons for Filipino

• Poverty, low wages and enhancing skills
• Risks entail violence and weakened family ties