Global Interstate System and Globalization

• Global Interstate System is an institutional arrangement of governance that addresses regional or globalized issues beyond the scope of a nation-state.
• Internationalism emphasizes diversity and celebrates multiculturalism.
• Globalism focuses more on the economic aspect of the exchanges among countries and society.
• Globalization has increased the flow of capitals, goods, services, and people, supported by developments in transport, communication, and financial services.
• Traditional state systems are limited in addressing globalizing issues, and internationalist thinkers argue that power and sovereignty principles counter political and economic cooperation.
• Globalization affects national governments and countries and is governed by global institutions, including non-state organizations and the private sector.

Effects of Globalization on Governments

• As the world becomes more interconnected through politics, trade, and communications, the role of nation-states and government shift, basing national and local policies on local and international realities.
• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a global treaty phasing out substances responsible for ozone depletion, signed on August 26, 1987, by 46 countries.
• NASA has found evidence of the Montreal Protocol's success, projecting ozone levels to return to 1980 levels by 2032.
• Globalization negatively affects local governments and communities, as local governments attract major global investors, converting agricultural land into industrial zones.
• Corporations demand lower taxes and wages to finalize investments, creating challenges for governments to balance economic performance with local social and environmental well-being.

Institutions that Govern Globalization

• With growing globalization, governance of global relations goes beyond nation-state governments.
• Nation-state governments are limited in addressing regional and global issues like climate change, cybercrime, and global financial crises.
• Emphasis is growing on the role of non-state actors in global governance, including NGOs, advocacy networks, voluntary associations, and interest groups.
• Non-state actors' approachable strategies appeal to the community and other state actors, organizing across areas.
• The shift of authority to actors above and below the state is termed "glocalization" or "internal globalization".
• The 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development is a historic example of non-state actors pushing for sustainable development.

International Institutions

• The United Nations (UN), with 192 member states, facilitates global governance.
• Regional commissions are groups of officials from different countries that instruct and debate, making laws for economic and social development. Examples include:
  • Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
  • Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
  • Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean (ESCLAC)
  • Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
  • Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
• The World Bank (WB) provides loans to countries for capital projects. It was established during the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 and includes members such as:
  • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IRDB)
  • International Development Association (IDA)
  • International Finance Corporation (IFC)
  • Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
• These institutions provide loans to middle-income countries and the private sector in developing countries to create markets and improve local economies.
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) looks at the stability of the international monetary system by monitoring global economy, lends to countries, and provides policy and technical advisory functions to members.
• World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates international trades, ensures smooth flow of trade, and provides a forum for negotiations for trade agreements among countries and regions of the world.
• World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for global researches on medicines and vaccines including the World Health Report and Survey
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) thirty five member countries aim to stimulate economic progress and world trade
• International Labor Organization (ILO) deals with labor problems and international labor standards and social protection for workers
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger, eliminate food Insecurity and malnutrition, and increase resilience of livelihoods and food
• UNESCO contributes to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through educational, scientific, and cultural reforms
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is responsible for regulations of international air transport
• International Maritime Organization (IMO) is responsible for shipping and prevention of pollution at sea
• International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is developing standards on ICT
• The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for international intellectual property rights standards

Globalism vs Internationalism

• Globalism refers to the belief that the flow of people, goods, and information should flow freely across national borders.
• Internationalism is defined as political, economic, and cultural cooperation between nations.
• Internationalism emphasizes diversity and celebrates multiculturalism, while globalism focuses on the economic aspects of exchanges among countries and society.

The Global Interstate System is a governance arrangement addressing global issues beyond nation-states. Globalization increases flows of capital, goods, and people. It affects governments and is governed by global institutions.