Questions and Answers
What was the Neolithic Revolution?
Where did River Valley civilizations typically settle?
Near rivers
What was the primary cause of the Irish Famine?
What was the Bantu Migration?
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What does Cultural Diffusion refer to?
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What were gold and salt primarily traded for in Africa?
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What was the Columbian Exchange?
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What did the Green Revolution involve?
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What is the belief system of Judaism?
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What is the central belief of Christianity?
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What defines Islam?
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The Five Pillars of Islam encompass basic rules including profession of faith, praying five times a day, giving alms, and fasting during __________.
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What does Hinduism emphasize?
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What is the Caste System?
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What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?
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Who were the Crusaders?
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Who invented the printing press?
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What was the significance of the Protestant Reformation?
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Who was Martin Luther?
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What period is known as the Scientific Revolution?
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What was the Holocaust?
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When did the Roman Empire exist?
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What does Pax Romana refer to?
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What characterized the Golden Age of China?
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What was the Byzantine Empire?
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What was the Golden Age of Islam?
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What does the Gupta Empire refer to?
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What were the Incas?
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What defines feudal Japan?
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What was the Renaissance?
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What is feudalism?
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What was the Commercial Revolution?
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What is laissez-faire capitalism?
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What did the Industrial Revolution signify?
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What is mercantilism?
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What does colonialism involve?
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What defines absolutism?
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What is the Magna Carta?
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What was the Enlightenment?
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Who is John Locke?
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What triggered the French Revolution?
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Who was Toussaint L'Overture?
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Who was Simon Bolivar?
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What was Jose de San Martin known for?
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What does nationalism refer to?
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What was the Ottoman Empire?
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Who was Fidel Castro?
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What is fascism?
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Study Notes
Neolithic Revolution
- Marked the beginning of settled agriculture around 12,000 years ago.
- Enabled the establishment of civilizations through farming.
River Valley Civilization
- Emerged during the Neolithic Revolution near rivers.
- Provided essential water sources for agricultural crops.
Irish Famine
- Occurred from 1845 to 1852 due to a food shortage caused by a potato blight.
- Resulted in over one million deaths and mass emigration from Ireland.
Bantu Migration
- Took place from around 500 B.C. to A.D. 1000.
- Bantu peoples migrated south in Africa, spreading their languages and cultural practices.
Cultural Diffusion
- Refers to the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies between different peoples.
Gold/Salt Trade
- Significant trade system in Africa focused on gold and salt.
- Europeans sought gold while Africans required salt, driving economic exchanges.
Columbian Exchange
- Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies initiated by Columbus's voyages.
- Led to significant ecological and cultural changes across the globe.
Green Revolution
- Occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, introducing high-yield crops and pesticides.
- Resulted in a dramatic increase in agricultural productivity.
Judaism
- Monotheistic religion originating with Abraham and the Hebrew people.
- Yahweh is considered the creator, and early history is preserved in the Old Testament.
Christianity
- Based on the teachings of Jesus and the Old Testament.
- Focuses on Jesus as savior in a monotheistic belief structure.
Islam
- Founded in the 7th century in Arabia, based on Muhammad's teachings in the Koran.
- Monotheistic religion with a significant following of Muslims.
Five Pillars of Islam
- Core practices include profession of faith, daily prayer, almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca.
Hinduism
- Religious and philosophical tradition native to India, with beliefs in reincarnation and a supreme being represented in various forms.
- Emphasizes the coexistence of opposing truths in one eternal reality.
Caste System
- Rigid social hierarchy in India determining occupation and social status.
- Influenced individual life experiences and societal roles.
Buddhism
- Founded on the teachings of Buddha, emphasizing the nature of suffering and the cessation of desire.
- Enlightenment achieved through ethical conduct and meditation.
Four Noble Truths
- Fundamental Buddhist principles outlining the nature of suffering and the path to its cessation through the Eightfold Path.
Crusaders
- European Christians who fought to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control during the 11th to 13th centuries.
Printing Press
- Invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; its first product was the Gutenberg Bible.
- Revolutionized communication, literacy, and political discourse in Europe.
Protestant Reformation
- Began in 1519 as a movement to reform the Latin Christian Church.
- Led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations.
Martin Luther
- German monk and critic of the Catholic Church; wrote the 95 theses in 1517.
- Sparked debates on church practices and initiated the Reformation.
Scientific Revolution
- Period between the 16th and 18th centuries characterized by a shift to empirical research and the scientific method.
Holocaust
- Systematic genocide led by Hitler aimed at eliminating Jews and other marginalized groups during World War II.
Roman Empire
- Flourished from 27 BCE to around 400 CE, controlling the Mediterranean and much of Europe.
- Initially ruled by emperors and instrumental in the spread of Christianity.
Pax Romana
- A 200-year period of peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.
Golden Age of China
- Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) marked by advancements in arts, culture, and technology like printing.
- Facilitated cultural exchange via trade routes like the Silk Road.
Byzantine Empire
- Eastern segment of the Roman Empire, known for its capital Constantinople.
- Fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
Golden Age of Islam
- Flourishing of arts and sciences during the Abbasid Dynasty centered in Baghdad.
- Significant contributions to astronomy, medicine, and philosophy.
Gupta Empire
- Powerful Indian dynasty known for cultural sophistication and territorial control in the Ganges Valley.
Incas
- Ancient civilization in Peru from 1200-1500 AD known for its extensive empire in the Andes.
Feudal Japan
- Period dominated by regional families (daimyo) and military leaders (shogun) from the 12th to 19th centuries.
- The emperor served as a ceremonial figurehead.
Renaissance
- A cultural rebirth spanning the 14th to 16th centuries, enhancing art, literature, and learning in Europe.
Feudalism
- Social and political structure in the Middle Ages characterized by land distribution and mutual protection agreements.
Commercial Revolution
- Expansion of trade and commerce in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, leading to economic transformation.
Laissez-faire Capitalism
- Economic system advocating minimal government interference in markets and businesses.
Industrial Revolution
- Transition from agrarian to industrial societies, marked by factory production beginning around 1750 in England.
Mercantilism
- Economic theory focused on increasing a nation's wealth through strict government regulation of trade.
Colonialism
- Policy of establishing settlements and imposing a nation’s cultural principles on another territory.
Absolutism
- System of government where a ruler holds absolute power without constitutional limitations.
Magna Carta
- Signed in 1215, this document limited the power of the English king and established the principle of legal accountability.
Enlightenment
- 18th-century movement promoting reason and critical thinking about society and governance.
John Locke
- Philosopher advocating for a social contract and the natural rights of life, liberty, and property.
French Revolution
- Began in 1789, it overthrew the monarchy and aristocratic privileges, leading to the rise of Napoleon.
Toussaint L'Overture
- Led the Haitian slave rebellion in 1803, impacting French colonial policy and ownership in the Americas.
Simon Bolivar
- Key figure in South American independence movements against Spanish rule in the early 1800s.
Jose de San Martin
- Leader of revolutionary movements resulting in independence for several South American countries.
Nationalism
- Ideology asserting the superiority of one's national culture and interests over others.
Ottoman Empire
- Islamic state founded around 1300, lasted until 1922, controlling vast territories across Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Fidel Castro
- Overthrew Cuba's dictator in 1959 to establish a Marxist socialist government.
Fascism
- Authoritarian political system emphasizing nationalism, racism, and a lack of tolerance for opposition.
Imperialism
- Policy aimed at extending a nation's influence and control over other countries politically, socially, and economically.
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