Global Health Toolkit 1: Goals and Concepts

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

How is global health defined?

A concentration on national health systems and local diseases.

An area prioritizing health improvement and equity for all worldwide. (correct)

An emphasis on improving mental health in developed countries.

A focus primarily on infectious diseases impacting the economy.

Which income classification is defined as countries earning between $1,136 and $4,465 per capita?

Upper middle income

Lower middle income (correct)

Low income

High income

What does the term 'hot pops' refer to in global health?

Populations living in urban settings only.

Groups affected by tropical diseases exclusively.

Individuals with high economic status.

People who are at increased health risk. (correct)

What is the primary classification measurement used in the Socio-demographic Index (SDI)?

Income per capita, education, and total fertility rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the inverse care law proposed by Julian Tudor Hart?

The best medical care is available to those who need it the least. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions is NOT recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO)?

East Asia and Pacific Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries was recently removed from the G8 group?

Russia Signup and view all the answers

How is the incidence of a disease defined?

Number of new cases per 100,000 people Signup and view all the answers

What historical phase follows Tropical Medicine and International Health in the evolution of global health?

Global Health Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of PEPFAR in relation to global health?

Combating the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of diseases is classified as leading in both high and middle SDI countries?

Group II diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a concept within equity in global health?

Distributing healthcare resources based on population disparities. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a cost-effective intervention for averting one DALY?

Costs less than 3 times GDP Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate typically measured per?

1,000 people Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theories intersect in the concept of social justice within global health?

Ethical Egoism and Altruism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why DALYs are important in public health?

They are simplified indicators of mortality only Signup and view all the answers

What does the disability weight indicate in the calculation of Years Lived with Disability (YLD)?

The impact of a disease on an individual's life Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the categories used to capture the overall burden of disease in DALYs?

Years Lived with Disability Signup and view all the answers

What does the Social Demographic Index (SDI) incorporate?

Income and education levels Signup and view all the answers

In Walt and Gilson’s Policy Triangle Framework, which factor is considered a protective factor?

Exercise Signup and view all the answers

In the proximal/distal paradigm, which option represents a proximal risk factor?

High blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Biopsychosocial Model of Health Status?

Genetic engineering Signup and view all the answers

What does the paradigm of Structural Violence emphasize?

Inequities and barriers to access Signup and view all the answers

Which overlapping paradigm focuses on the individual and community networks affecting health?

Networks Signup and view all the answers

What demographic transition is typically observed in global health shifts?

High birth/mortality to low birth/mortality Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant nutritional shift observed in global health?

Shift towards high fat and sugar diets Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factors contribute significantly to global deaths?

Air, water, and soil pollution Signup and view all the answers

How is the health and wealth relationship described?

They are strongly correlated Signup and view all the answers

Why do some countries fail to comply with global health regulations?

Insufficient resources for screening Signup and view all the answers

What type of intervention is strengthening primary health care categorized as?

Horizontal intervention Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the current state of global health systems?

A fragmented landscape of diverse actors Signup and view all the answers

What type of programs are considered vertical interventions in global health?

Disease-specific programs like PEPFAR Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of health policy within a society?

To undertake decisions, plans, and actions for specific healthcare goals Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total health spending in low-income countries comes from official development assistance (ODA)?

27% Signup and view all the answers

What overall impact does inadequate sanitation have on global health?

Accounts for one-fifth of the global disease burden Signup and view all the answers

What approach considers behavioral change and equity as key elements in improving sanitation?

Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) Signup and view all the answers

What type of health services are essential during emergency response situations?

Essential health services including reproductive and child health Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disaster can lead to the initiation of complex humanitarian emergencies?

Natural disasters Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily the role of UNHCR?

To assist refugees and internally displaced persons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major consequence of disasters?

Improvements in community infrastructure Signup and view all the answers

What does IDP stand for in the context of humanitarian crises?

Internally displaced person Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is included in disaster response mechanisms?

Water supply and sanitation services Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe people who have been denied a nationality?

Stateless people Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an essential element of preparation and risk management for disasters?

Community education and preparedness Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of essential health services during a disaster response?

Reproductive and child health Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Global Health Toolkit 1 - Basic Goals and Concepts

Global health is a field focused on improving health and achieving equity worldwide
Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease (WHO definition)
Equity aims to eliminate health inequities and disparities
Global health considers all people worldwide, including those at higher risk
Global health includes domestic, international, and transnational issues
Public health is concerned with population-level health, whereas medicine focuses on individuals

Global Burden of Diseases

Infectious/communicable diseases, maternal/perinatal health, and nutritional deficiencies are categorized as Group I
Non-communicable and neuropsychiatric diseases are Group II
Injuries, both intentional and unintentional, are Group III
Global health regions are categorized and mapped (Africa, Americas, Europe, etc.)

World Bank Income Classifications

The World Bank classifies countries based on income levels (low, lower-middle, upper-middle, high)
Knowledge of these classifications is important for understanding global health disparities
Russia was removed from the G8, now G7.

Key Global Health Indicators

Prevalence: total number of cases in a population per 100,000 people
Incidence: number of new cases per 100,000 people
Life expectancy: average length of life
Mortality: death rate, often expressed as deaths per 100,000 people
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): lost healthy years of life
DALYs include years lived with disability, and years of life lost due to illness, injury, or death

Functions and Key Global Health Indicators

Functions in global health include evaluating effectiveness, guiding policies, creating health metrics and responding to global challenges
Key Global Health Indicators include prevalence, incidence, life expectancy, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

Epidemiology's Bathtub

Prevalence is the total number of cases in a given population
Incidence is the number of new cases in a given time
Recovery reduces prevalence
Deaths increase mortality

GBD By Disease Category

Globally, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of DALYs.
Infectious diseases are a significant cause of DALYs in low-income countries.

Avert DALYs; Prevention and Cost-Effectiveness

Preventing diseases is the most cost-effective strategy
Cost-effectiveness of interventions is determined by its cost compared to other prevention or treatment methods
Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies for managing disease -Examples include primary preventative measures like vaccines, secondary prevention checks for early disease detection, and tertiary prevention managing symptoms already established.

Determinants of Health: Top 10

Global risk factors include diet, blood pressure, smoking, and other behavioral and environmental factors
Global North and Global South face different prevalent risks

Global Health System Actors

Intergovernmental actors include UN agencies and multilateral development banks
Many non-governmental organizations (NGOs), for example contribute, work with, and/or support these programs
The private sector sometimes plays a critical role in global health programs
National, systems, and programs form part of global health

Building Blocks of Health Systems

Delivery systems, health workforce, information, and medical supplies are all key building blocks, as well as financing systems, leadership, and governance
Improving health equity and social risk protection are crucial goals in health systems

Countries as Actors

The United States participates in global health, often through bilateral and multilateral agencies.
Funding, building blocks, and goals within health systems.
These goals focus on improving health levels and equity and include responsiveness and the protection of social and financial risks

Preparedness and Risk Management

Global health systems frequently face threats ranging from pandemics to natural disasters.
Global health preparedness is a critical component to protect against these threats, which frequently include disaster-related responses.

Disease Burden, Violence, & Disasters

Some specific areas of concern in global health include infectious disease burdens, injury burdens, natural disasters, and man-made disasters.
Injury and Violence and Disaster responses are in themselves large topics in the global health scene.

Refugees and IDPS

Protecting refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) is a key issue in global health

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores the foundations of global health, including key concepts such as equity, health definitions, and the distinction between public health and medicine. It also addresses the burden of diseases categorized by global health regions and income classifications from the World Bank. Test your understanding of these essential global health principles!