Global Health Challenges and Demography
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Questions and Answers

Demography is the study of human population with respect to size and composition.

True (A)

Mortality refers to the number of births that occur in a population.

False (B)

Fertility rates have remained constant over the last 50 years.

False (B)

Migration is defined as the movement of people into or out of a specific geographic area.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Health service planners should ignore the needs of different population segments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The factors that determine the size of a population include fertility, mortality, and migration.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The role of medical professionals does not relate to the fight against climate change.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Demographic factors are irrelevant in health service planning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Today, the average number of babies per woman is 2.5.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Europe during the 1800s, women were having an average of 4-5 children.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is expected that the average number of babies per woman will increase to 3 by 2100.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Since the 1960s, the average number of children per woman in Europe has dropped dramatically.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Global population growth from 1950 to 2050 will primarily occur in developed countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural increase in population occurs when births exceed deaths.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Migration includes both immigration and emigration.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 2100, it is predicted that women will average 3 children each.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air pollution is recognized as a major cardiovascular risk factor.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only young adults are considered susceptible to pollution-related cardiovascular disease.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Health professionals are encouraged to promote sustainable healthcare.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drowning and trauma are the leading causes of pollution-related health issues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Total Period Fertility Rate (TPFR) is above replacement level in EU countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pollution exposure assessment includes evaluating the patient's ZIP Code.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

International migrants primarily come from developed countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 2016, there were an estimated 25.9 million refugees and asylum seekers worldwide.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Syrian war has resulted in the largest population displacement in recent times, affecting 6.7 million people.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Taliban take-over of Afghanistan in 2021 resulted in a 25% increase in displacement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

More than half of the world’s population currently lives in rural areas.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urbanization is linked to economic development and better job opportunities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 2050, it is expected that 70% of the world’s population will live in urban areas.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Overcrowding in urban areas can lead to increased mental health issues.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The population over 60 years old is expected to decrease by 2050.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The age dependency ratio only considers people aged 15-64.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ministry of Health in Bahrain has been providing mobile health units for elderly care since 2008.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air pollution and climate change were listed as the tenth global health threat in 2019.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The age dependency ratio is irrelevant to health planners.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air pollution is not a concern in overcrowding scenarios.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccine hesitancy was identified as one of the major global health threats in 2019.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dengue was listed as the fifth major global health threat in 2019.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The age dependency ratio can have two types: young and old.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The home visit team for elderly care in Bahrain includes doctors and dieticians.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Traffic injury rates are not impacted by overcrowding in cities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The population aged 85 and older is becoming less significant in demographic studies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recent projections show that increased migration and displacement are consequences of climate change.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vector-borne diseases such as malaria are expected to see a decrease due to climate change.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased food shortages can directly affect health as a result of climate change.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Today, the average number of babies per woman is expected to continue falling to 2 babies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 1800s, European women had fewer children than they do today.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By the year 2100, the average number of babies per woman is predicted to increase to 3.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Global population growth from 1950 to 2050 primarily occurs in developing countries.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average number of children per woman in Europe has remained constant since the 1960s.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural increase in population occurs when deaths exceed births.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Migration includes both immigrants and emigrants in population studies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1950, the total number of babies per woman was lower than it is today.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Total Period Fertility Rate (TPFR) in EU countries is below the level needed for long-term population replacement.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 2016, the total number of refugees and asylum seekers worldwide was estimated at approximately 30 million.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Taliban's take-over of Afghanistan in 2021 led to a 50% increase in displacement.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

More than half of the world's population lives in rural areas as of today.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Economic development is more concentrated in urban areas, leading to better job opportunities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Demography is only concerned with the size of the population and ignores spatial distribution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

International migrants mostly originate from developed countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Migration can be defined as the movement of people into or out of a specific geographic area.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fertility rates globally have been increasing steadily over the last 50 years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 2050, it is predicted that 68% of the global population will reside in urban areas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Syrian war has resulted in the smallest population displacement in recent history.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Health service planners consider different segments of the population essential for effective program implementation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The expected global population growth from 1950 to 2050 will occur mainly in developed areas.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air pollution and a lack of sustainability are not linked to health issues in older populations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Women are predicted to average more than 2 children each by the year 2100.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urbanization typically correlates with healthier communities and better access to healthcare services.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proportion of the world's population over 60 years old is expected to decrease by 2050.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The age dependency ratio is calculated using the population aged 0-14 and those aged 65 and over and is relevant to health planners.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air pollution is a minor factor concerning urban health risks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

People aged 85 and older are considered a key demographic in discussions on population ageing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only individuals aged 15-64 are included in the calculation of the total age dependency ratio.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Overcrowding in urban areas is linked to a rise in mental health issues.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dependence ratios are predicted to remain stable in the coming years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urban health risks are distributed evenly among all social groups.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air pollution is often overlooked as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Healthcare professionals have minimal responsibility in addressing the public health threats posed by climate change.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The assessment of pollution exposure includes looking at the patient's health history without considering geographical factors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elderly persons and pregnant women are considered at higher risk for pollution-related cardiovascular disease.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Health services account for approximately 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 2019, vaccine hesitancy was identified as one of the major global health threats.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The home visit team for elderly care in Bahrain includes only nurses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The age dependency ratio only considers people aged 0-14 and 65 years and older.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air pollution and climate change were recognized as the first global health threat in 2019.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dengue was listed as the seventh major global health threat in 2019.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased food shortages can have direct health impacts as a consequence of climate change.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Globally, fragile and vulnerable settings were identified as the fifth major global health threat in 2019.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ministry of Health in Bahrain has been providing mobile health units for elderly care since 2010.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pollution exposure assessment regularly includes an evaluation of a patient's social security number.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Health professionals play a critical role in addressing the health implications of climate change.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only individuals with asthma are considered susceptible to pollution-related cardiovascular disease.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drowning and trauma from disasters are categorized as mental health issues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Healthcare system activities contribute approximately 5-6% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Demography does not consider factors like fertility and migration in understanding population changes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Total Period Fertility Rate (TPFR) in EU countries has fallen below the population replacement level.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urbanization has no impact on health service planning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average global fertility rate has increased in the past five decades.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

More than half of the world's population currently resides in urban areas.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The age dependency ratio mainly focuses on individuals aged 0-14 and those aged 65 and older.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Health service planners can ignore future demographic changes since populations remain static.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pollution exposure is primarily assessed through geographic locations rather than individual health conditions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1800s Europe, women had an average of 5 to 6 children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average number of children per woman in Europe has increased since the 1960s.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By the year 2100, it is expected that the average number of babies per woman will fall to 1.5.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The global population growth from 1950 to 2050 is primarily occurring in developed countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Today, women on average are having more than 2.5 children each worldwide.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural increase in population refers to the difference between deaths and births.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 2100, the fertility rate is expected to level off at around 2 children per woman.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Migration processes include the movement of people both into and out of specific regions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Total Period Fertility Rate (TPFR) in EU countries is above the level required for long-term population replacement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Currently, approximately 55% of the world's population resides in urban areas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Syrian war has led to a population displacement affecting only 4 million people.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

International migration involves more individuals coming from developed countries than from developing ones.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan in 2021 resulted in a 50% increase in population displacement.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 2050, urban areas are expected to accommodate 68% of the global population.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of refugees and asylum seekers worldwide was estimated to be around 30 million in 2016.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average number of children born to a woman reflects current age-specific fertility rates over a lifetime.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The age dependency ratio is defined as the ratio of dependents younger than 15 and older than 64 to the working-age population aged 15-64.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proportion of the world's population over 60 years old will decrease from 12% to 10% by 2050.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urban health risks impact all social groups equally.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased age dependency ratios suggest a growing population of working-age individuals in the future.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mental health issues are expected to decrease as urban environments become better planned.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of very elderly individuals (aged 85+) is a minor consideration in discussions about ageing populations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air pollution is a contributing factor to mental health issues in urban areas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The age dependency ratio consists of individuals aged 15-64 only.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ministry of Health in Bahrain initiated mobile health units for elderly care after 2010.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antimicrobial resistance was among the ten major global health threats identified in 2019.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased migration and displacement are expected to decrease as a result of climate change.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dengue was identified as the sixth major global health threat in 2019.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccine hesitancy was ranked as one of the top three health threats globally in 2019.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extreme weather exposure can lead to an increase in vector-borne diseases.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The government of Bahrain employs gender-specific teams for elderly care home visits.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air pollution and climate change were recognized as the first global health threat in 2019.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Demography

The study of human populations, considering their size, composition, location, and changes over time.

Population Change

Growth or decline of a population due to births, deaths, and migration.

Fertility

The number of births in a population or individual.

Mortality

The number of deaths in a population or individual.

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Migration

Movement of people in or out of an area.

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Health Service Planning

Developing programs to meet the health needs of different population segments now and in the future.

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Global Health Challenges

Significant issues affecting global health, for example, high fertility rate.

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Population Size Factors

Elements like fertility, mortality, and migration that determine population size.

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Global Population Growth

The change in the total number of people in the world over time.

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Babies per Woman

The average number of children born to women in a given region or population.

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Developed Countries

Countries with high levels of industrialization and economic development.

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Developing Countries

Countries with lower levels of industrialization and economic development.

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Population Change Processes

The factors that influence the growth or decline in the total population.

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Births

The number of newborns added to the total population.

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Deaths

The number of people who die in a specific time.

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Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

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Pollution's Cardio Risk

Pollution significantly increases cardiovascular disease risk, often overlooked clinically.

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Susceptible Patients for Pollution Exposure

Patients with pre-existing CVD (atherosclerosis), recent heart problems, COPD, asthma, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease are more vulnerable to pollution's negative effects.

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Patient-Centered Pollution Strategy

A strategy focusing on the patient to reduce pollution exposure and cardiovascular disease.

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Healthcare Pollution Impact

Healthcare activities contribute to a significant part of global greenhouse gas emissions.

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Health Professional Role – Climate Change

Health professionals must be a leader in responding to health threats caused by climate change by promoting sustainable healthcare.

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman would have if current fertility rates continue throughout her life.

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Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

Fertility rate for women in a specific age group.

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International Migration

Movement of people across international borders.

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Refugees/Asylum Seekers

People fleeing their homes due to war or persecution and seeking protection in another country.

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Population Displacement

Large-scale movement of people from their homes due to events like wars or disasters.

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Urbanization

Increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas.

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Syrian War Displacement

Largest population displacement event of recent times due to the Syrian war.

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Urban Public Health Impact

Negative public health results that accompany rapid population growth and living in cities.

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Bahrain's Aging Population

Bahrain's population is getting older, requiring increased healthcare and support services for the elderly.

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MOH Initiatives

Bahrain's Ministry of Health (MOH) established mobile health units and teams to provide home care and support for the elderly.

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Major Global Health Threats (2019)

Top threats in 2019 included pollution, non-communicable diseases, pandemics, vulnerable populations, antimicrobial resistance, infectious diseases, weakened primary care, vaccine hesitation, dengue, and HIV.

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Climate Change Health Effects

Climate change impacts health through extreme weather, altered infectious disease patterns, and food/water crises.

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Vector-borne Diseases

Diseases spread by vectors like mosquitoes (e.g., malaria, dengue), potentially worsened by climate change.

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Waterborne Diseases

Increased incidence of waterborne diseases, particularly in developing areas, due to climate change and disrupted access to clean water.

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Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs)

Health problems not transmitted by infection, more prevalent and causing a larger health burden (e.g., heat stress).

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Overcrowding Urban Health Risks

Uneven distribution of health risks among different social groups within cities, such as slums lacking sanitation, causing health problems.

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Increased Migration/Disruption

Climate change-related consequences such as displacement and access to health care leading to population movements.

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Age Dependency Ratio (Total)

Ratio of dependents (under 15 and over 65) to the working-age population (15-64).

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Age Dependency Ratio (Young)

Ratio of people under 15 to the working-age population.

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Age Dependency Ratio (Old)

Ratio of people over 65 to the working-age population

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Increasing Elderly Population

The global population is aging rapidly, with the number of older people (85+) growing.

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Urban Health Risk Factors

Factors such as inadequate sanitation, transport, food systems, and air pollution in urban areas contribute to health issues, specifically in developing cities.

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Population Ageing Implications

Rapid population ageing puts pressure on health care systems and social security systems as the need for health services for older people grows.

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Dependency Ratio Relevance

Dependency ratios guide health planners in understanding the projected health services requirements of a population.

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Demography

The study of human populations, including their size, composition, distribution, and changes over time.

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Population Change Processes

Factors that affect population growth or decline, such as births, deaths, and migration.

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Fertility

The number of births in a population or within a certain time period.

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Mortality

The number of deaths in a population or within a certain time period.

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Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

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Health Service Planning

Developing programs to meet the present and future health needs of different population segments.

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Population Size Factors

Elements like fertility, mortality, and migration that affect the overall population size.

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Global Fertility Rate

An average measure of the number of children that women are likely to produce in their lives.

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Babies per Woman

The average number of children born to women in a specific population or region.

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Developed Countries

Countries with high levels of industrialization and economic development.

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Developing Countries

Countries with lower levels of industrialization and economic development.

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Global Population Growth

The change in the world's total population over time.

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Population Change Processes

Factors influencing population growth or decline, including births, deaths, and migration.

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Births

The number of newborns added to a population.

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Deaths

The number of people who die in a specific time period.

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Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime if current fertility rates continue.

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International Migration

Movement of people across international borders.

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Population Displacement

Large-scale movement of people from their homes due to events like war or disaster.

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Urbanization

Increasing proportion of population living in cities.

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Syrian War Displacement

Largest population displacement event of recent times due to the Syrian war.

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Urban Public Health Impact

Negative health results that come with fast city growth and living in urban spaces.

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Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

Fertility rate for women in a specific age group.

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Refugees/ Asylum Seekers

People fleeing their homeland due to war or persecution seeking safety in a new country.

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Overcrowding health risks

Uneven distribution of health risks in cities, with slums lacking sanitation and proper infrastructure causing health problems for certain groups.

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Age Dependency Ratio

Ratio of dependents (under 15 and over 65) to the working-age population (15-64).

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Urban Health Risks

Problems like inadequate sanitation, transportation, food systems, and air pollution in urban areas leading to health issues, especially in developing cities.

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Ageing population implications

Rapid population ageing increases the pressure on healthcare and social security systems, as demand for services for older people grows.

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Dependency Ratio Relevance

Dependency ratios are essential tools for health planners to estimate future healthcare service needs based on age groups.

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Age dependency ratio (young)

Ratio of people under 15 to the working-age population (15-64).

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Age dependency ratio (old)

Ratio of people over 65 to the working-age population (15-64).

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Increasing elderly population

Global population is aging rapidly, with older people (especially those over 85) increasing significantly.

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Bahrain's Aging Population

Bahrain's population is getting older, requiring increased healthcare and support services for the elderly.

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MOH Initiatives

Bahrain's Ministry of Health (MOH) established mobile health units and teams to provide home care and support for the elderly.

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Major Global Health Threats (2019)

Top threats in 2019 included pollution, non-communicable diseases, pandemics, vulnerable populations, antimicrobial resistance, infectious diseases, weakened primary care, vaccine hesitancy, dengue, and HIV.

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Climate Change Health Effects

Climate change impacts health through extreme weather, altered infectious disease patterns, and food/water crises.

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Vector-borne Diseases

Diseases spread by vectors like mosquitoes (e.g., malaria, dengue), potentially worsened by climate change.

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Waterborne Diseases

Increased incidence of waterborne diseases, particularly in developing areas, due to climate change and disrupted access to clean water.

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Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs)

Health problems not transmitted by infection, more prevalent and causing a larger health burden (e.g., heat stress).

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Increased Migration/Disruption

Climate change-related consequences such as displacement and access to health care leading to population movements.

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Pollution's Cardio Risk

Pollution significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, often overlooked in clinical evaluations.

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Susceptible Patients (Pollution)

Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD), recent heart problems, respiratory conditions (COPD, asthma), diabetes, or chronic kidney disease are more vulnerable to pollution's negative impacts.

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Patient-Centered Pollution Strategy

A strategy focused on patients to lessen pollution exposure and reduce the risk of pollution-related cardiovascular disease.

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Healthcare's Pollution Impact

Healthcare activities are responsible for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions.

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Health Professional's Role (Climate Change)

Health professionals should lead the response to health threats from climate change. Active promotion of sustainable healthcare is crucial.

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Babies per Woman

Average number of children born to women in a specific region or population.

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Developed Countries

Countries with high industrialization and economic development.

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Developing Countries

Countries with lower industrialization and economic development.

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Global Population Growth

Changes in the total number of people worldwide over time.

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Population Change Processes

Key factors determining population growth or decline (Births, Deaths, Migration).

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Births

Newborns added to a population.

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Deaths

Number of people dying in a population.

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Migration

Movement of people to and from a place.

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TPFR

Average number of children a woman would have if current fertility rates continue throughout her life.

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International Migration

Movement of people across international borders.

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Population Displacement

Large-scale movement of people from their homes due to events like war or disasters.

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Urbanization

Increasing proportion of the population living in urban areas.

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Syrian War Displacement

Largest population displacement event of recent times due to the Syrian war.

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Urban Public Health Impact

Negative health results that accompany rapid city growth and living in urban spaces.

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Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

Fertility rate for women in a specific age group.

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Refugees/Asylum Seekers

People fleeing their homeland due to war or persecution seeking safety in a new country.

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Demography

The study of human populations, including their size, composition, spatial distribution, and changes over time.

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Population Change Processes

Factors influencing population growth or decline, including births, deaths, and migration.

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Fertility

The number of births in a population.

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Mortality

The number of deaths in a population.

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Migration

The movement of people into or out from a location.

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Global Health Challenges

Significant issues affecting global health.

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Health Service Planning

Developing programs to meet the present and future health needs of different population groups.

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Population Size Factors

Elements like fertility, mortality, and migration which affect the size of a population.

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Pollution's Cardio Risk

Pollution significantly increases cardiovascular disease risk, often overlooked in clinical practice.

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Susceptible Patients (Pollution)

Patients with pre-existing heart conditions, recent heart problems, respiratory issues (COPD, asthma), diabetes, or chronic kidney disease are more vulnerable to pollution's negative health effects.

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Patient-Centered Pollution Strategy

A strategy focused on individual patients to reduce pollution exposure and decrease cardiovascular disease risk.

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Healthcare Pollution Impact

Healthcare activities, like energy consumption and waste generation, significantly contribute to global greenhouse gas emissions.

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Health Professional's Role (Climate Change)

Health professionals must lead the response to climate change-related health threats by promoting sustainable healthcare practices.

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Bahrain's Aging Population

Bahrain's population is becoming older, requiring more healthcare and support for the elderly.

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MOH Initiatives

Bahrain's Ministry of Health (MOH) created mobile health units for home visits to elderly patients.

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Major Global Health Threats (2019)

Top health threats in 2019 included pollution, non-communicable diseases, potential pandemics, vulnerable populations, antimicrobial resistance, infectious diseases, primary care weaknesses, vaccine issues, dengue, and HIV.

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Climate Change Health Effects

Climate change affects health through extreme weather, changing disease patterns, and food/water shortages.

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Vector-borne Diseases

Diseases spread by insects like mosquitoes, potentially worsening due to climate change.

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Waterborne Diseases

Increase in waterborne diseases, especially in developing countries, related to climate change and water access issues.

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Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs)

Health problems not from infections, more prevalent and impactful (e.g., heat stress).

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Increased Migration/Disruption

Climate change causes population movement and challenges in accessing healthcare.

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Overcrowding Urban Health Risks

Uneven distribution of health risks in cities, with slums lacking sanitation and proper infrastructure causing health problems for certain groups.

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Age Dependency Ratio (Total)

Ratio of dependents (under 15 and over 65) to the working-age population (15-64).

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Age Dependency Ratio (Young)

Ratio of people under 15 to the working-age population (15-64).

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Age Dependency Ratio (Old)

Ratio of people over 65 to the working-age population (15-64).

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Increasing Elderly Population

Global population is aging rapidly, with older people (especially those over 85) increasing significantly.

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Urban Health Risk Factors

Problems like inadequate sanitation, transportation, food systems, and air pollution in urban areas leading to health issues, especially in developing cities.

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Population Ageing Implications

Rapid population ageing increases the pressure on healthcare and social security systems, as demand for services for older people grows.

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Dependency Ratio Relevance

Dependency ratios are essential tools for health planners to estimate future healthcare service needs based on age groups.

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Study Notes

Global Health Challenges

  • Global health challenges are complex and interconnected, impacting population health and healthcare delivery.
  • Population size is determined by factors like fertility, mortality, and migration.
  • Health service planning must consider demographic factors to effectively meet the needs of different population segments, both present and future.

Demography

  • Demography is the study of human populations, including size, composition, spatial distribution, and changes over time.
  • Population change occurs through the interplay of fertility, mortality, and migration.
  • Fertility refers to the number of births.
  • Mortality refers to the number of deaths.
  • Migration refers to the movement of people into or out of a specific area.
  • World population has significantly increased since 1700, with projections showing continued growth in the future, albeit with varied scenarios.
  • Global fertility rates have decreased considerably in the last 50 years, currently at about 2.5 babies per woman.
  • Population growth is more prevalent in developing countries compared to developed countries.

Migration

  • International migration involves about 258 million people globally.
  • Most migrants originate from developing countries and move to industrialized nations.
  • Refugees and asylum seekers numbered approximately 25.9 million in 2016.
  • War and conflict, such as the Syrian war, often cause large-scale population displacement.
  • The Afghanistan conflict of 2021 led to a 50% increase in displacement.
  • Russia's invasion of Ukraine resulted in 6 million Ukrainians seeking refuge.

Urbanization

  • Urban areas are experiencing population growth, with 55% of the world's population residing in cities.
  • Projections indicate this figure will reach 68% by 2050.
  • Factors driving urbanization include economic development, better job opportunities, and improved public services.

Negative Impacts of Urbanization

  • Overcrowding in urban areas can lead to poor sanitation and inadequate housing.
  • Urban planning inadequacies are common, impacting transport, food systems, contributing to air pollution, and causing traffic injury.
  • Mental health issues are increasing, and urban health risks disproportionately affect specific social groups.

Population Aging

  • Population aging is happening more rapidly than in the past.
  • By 2050, the proportion of the global population aged 60+ is projected to nearly double from 12% to 22%.
  • Very elderly individuals (85+) constitute a significant portion of the aging population.

Age Dependency Ratio

  • Age dependency ratio (total) is the ratio of dependents (younger than 15 or older than 64) to the working-age population (15-64).
  • The ratio is calculated as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age people.
  • Age dependency ratios are expected to increase in the coming years.

Major Global Health Threats (2019 Predictions)

  • Ten predicted major global health threats in 2019 included non-communicable diseases, global influenza, antimicrobial resistance, fragile societies, and outbreaks of infectious diseases (like Ebola).

Health Impacts of Climate Change

  • Climate change directly influences health, leading to extreme weather events, waterborne diseases, infectious disease patterns, and malnutrition, among other consequences.
  • Increased burden of non-communicable diseases and heat stress occur.
  • Factors like migration and displacement lead to increased strain on health services and food shortages, further exacerbating health issues.

Role of Health Professionals and Public Health Policy

  • Health professionals have a critical role in addressing climate change.
  • Promoting sustainable healthcare is crucial to reducing healthcare-related carbon emissions, as healthcare contributes to approximately 4-5% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

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Description

Explore the interconnectedness of global health challenges and demographic factors influencing population health. This quiz covers crucial concepts like fertility, mortality, and migration, alongside trends in population growth. Assess your understanding of how these factors impact healthcare delivery.

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