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Questions and Answers
According to the World Health Organization, health is defined as a state of complete _____
According to the World Health Organization, health is defined as a state of complete _____
The greatest environmental risk to health is air pollution and _____ change.
The greatest environmental risk to health is air pollution and _____ change.
climate
Non-communicable diseases are primarily driven by physical inactivity.
Non-communicable diseases are primarily driven by physical inactivity.
True
Define neonatal deaths (NT deaths).
Define neonatal deaths (NT deaths).
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Match the following maternal health terminologies with their definitions:
Match the following maternal health terminologies with their definitions:
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What is the primary focus of Family as a Client?
What is the primary focus of Family as a Client?
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What are some characteristics of Family as a Client?
What are some characteristics of Family as a Client?
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In a Family as a System, the focus is on the family as a __________.
In a Family as a System, the focus is on the family as a __________.
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Primary Prevention aims to treat diseases and injuries after they occur.
Primary Prevention aims to treat diseases and injuries after they occur.
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What role in public health is best captured by the nurse according to the content?
What role in public health is best captured by the nurse according to the content?
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What does the nurse recognize must go hand-in-hand with ending poverty and other deprivations?
What does the nurse recognize must go hand-in-hand with ending poverty and other deprivations?
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What does the nurse do to maximize resources effectively and efficiently? The nurse employs principles of ________________.
What does the nurse do to maximize resources effectively and efficiently? The nurse employs principles of ________________.
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The nurse, together with the rural health midwife, does not keep track of illnesses encountered in their areas of jurisdiction.
The nurse, together with the rural health midwife, does not keep track of illnesses encountered in their areas of jurisdiction.
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Match the following classifications of health facilities with their descriptions:
Match the following classifications of health facilities with their descriptions:
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What are the 3 separate identifiable tasks that members work to achieve in the context of aging family?
What are the 3 separate identifiable tasks that members work to achieve in the context of aging family?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a healthy family?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a healthy family?
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Socialization of Family involves preparing children to only interact within the family.
Socialization of Family involves preparing children to only interact within the family.
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What does the Allocation of Resources task in family health involve?
What does the Allocation of Resources task in family health involve?
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What is a Family Nursing Care Plan?
What is a Family Nursing Care Plan?
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What are the criteria used in prioritizing health conditions or problems?
What are the criteria used in prioritizing health conditions or problems?
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Nursing actions should always be adapted to the individual client.
Nursing actions should always be adapted to the individual client.
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_______ are more specific and precise statements of the desired results or outcome of care.
_______ are more specific and precise statements of the desired results or outcome of care.
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Match the following components of an objective:
Match the following components of an objective:
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Study Notes
Overview of Public Health Nursing in the Philippines
- The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
- The health of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security, and governments have a responsibility for the health of their people.
Global Health Situations
- The WHO identified 10 threats to global health: • Air pollution and climate change • Non-communicable diseases • Global influenza pandemic • Fragile and vulnerable settings • Antimicrobial resistance • Ebola and other high threat pathogens • Weak primary health care • Vaccine hesitancy • Dengue • HIV
National Health Situation in the Philippines
- The Philippines has made significant investments and advances in health, leading to a longer and healthier life for Filipinos.
- However, achievements have not been even, and challenges remain, including inequities between regions, rich and poor, and different population groups.
Public Health Nursing
- Public Health Nursing is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort.
- The standards of Public Health Nursing in the Philippines differentiate it from Community Health Nursing only in the setting of work, which is dictated by funding.
Community Health Nursing
- Community Health Nursing is a service rendered by a professional nurse to communities, groups, families, and individuals at home, in health centers, clinics, schools, and places of work.
- The goal of Community Health Nursing is to promote health, prevent illness, care for the sick, and rehabilitate, achieved through multi-sectoral efforts.
- The principles of Community Health Nursing include: • The community is the patient. • The family is the unit of care. • There are four levels of clientele: individual, family, population group, and community.
Roles and Responsibilities of a Community Health Nurse
- Healthcare Provider
- Health Educator
- Program Implementer
- Community Organizer
- Manager/Leader
- Researcher/Epidemiologist
- Client Advocate
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
- The MDGs were eight anti-poverty targets that the world committed to achieving by 2015.
- The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) build on the MDGs, aiming to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all.
Department of Health – Philippines
- The Department of Health is the country's principal health agency, responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services.
- Its vision is to be the leader, staunch advocate, and model in promoting health for all in the Philippines.
- Its mission is to guarantee equitable, sustainable, and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor.
Local Health System and Devolution of Health Services
- The Local Government Code aims to transform local government units into self-reliant communities.
- Devolution of health services transferred responsibility from the Department of Health to local government units.
- Objectives of the Local Health System include: • Establishing a local health system for effective delivery of health care services. • Upgrading health care management and service capabilities. • Promoting inter-LGU linkages and community participation. • Ensuring quality of health service delivery at the local level.
Classification of Health Facilities
- Health facilities can be classified according to ownership, scope of services, and functional capacity.
- Examples of health facilities include: • Primary Care Facilities • Custodial Care Facilities • Diagnostic/Therapeutic Care Facilities • Specialized Out-Patient Facilities
Primary Health Care
- The World Health Organization defines Primary Health Care (PHC) as essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community.
- PHC was declared during the First International Conference on Primary Health Care held in Alma Ata, USSR on September 6-12, 1978.### Public Health Nursing in the Philippines
- The goal of "Health for All by the year 2000" was adopted in the Philippines through Letter of Instruction 949 signed by President Marcos on October 19, 1979.
- The underlying theme of "Health in the Hands of the People" was set to be achieved by 2020.
Strategies for Health Care
- Reorientation and reorganization of national health care systems with the establishment of functional support mechanisms.
- Effective preparation and enabling process for health in all levels.
- Mobilization of the people to know their communities and identifying their basic health needs.
- Development and utilization of appropriate technology focusing on local indigenous resources.
- Organization of communities arising from their expressed needs.
- Increase opportunities for community participation in local level planning, management, monitoring, and evaluation.
- Development of intra-sectoral linkages with other government and private agencies.
- Emphasizing partnership between health workers and the community leaders/members.
Primary Health Care (PHC) Team
- Physician
- Nurse auxiliaries
- Nurse
- Locally trained community health workers
- Midwives
Levels of Health Care Referral System
- Primary Level of Care: The first contact between the community members and the other levels of health facility.
- Secondary Level of Care: Given in health facilities either privately owned or government operated.
- Tertiary Level of Care: Rendering by specialist in health facilities, complicated cases, and intensive care.
Levels of Prevention
- Primary prevention: Aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs.
- Health education about healthy and safe practices.
- Immunization.
- Secondary prevention: Aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred.
- Regular exams and screening tests.
- Diet and exercise to prevent further attacks.
- Tertiary prevention: Aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects.
- Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs.
- Vocational rehabilitation programs.
- Support groups that allow members to share experiences.
Classification of Family According to Structure
- Nuclear Family: A father and mother with/without children living together but apart from both sets of parents and relatives.
- Extended Family: Two or more nuclear families economically and/or unilaterally/bilaterally extended.
- Single Parent Family: Children < 17 years of age, living in a family unit with a single parent, another relative, or non-relative.
- Blended/Reconstituted Family: Includes step-parents and step-children, resulting from divorce, annulment, and separation.
- Compound Family: One woman/man with several spouses.
- Communal Family: A group of individuals formed for specific ideological or societal purposes.
- Cohabitation/Live-in: Unmarried couple living together.
- No-Kin: A group of at least two people sharing a relationship and exchange support without legal or blood tie.
- Foster: Substitute family for children whose parents are unable to care for them.
- Gay/Lesbian: Homosexual couple living together with/without children.
Family as a System
- The focus is on the family as a client, viewed as an international system in which the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
- The family accommodates the needs of individual members.
Family Developmental Stages
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- Beginning Family: From the marriage to the birth of the first child.
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- Childbearing Family: From the birth of the first child to the birth of the last child.
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- Family with Preschoolers: When the oldest child is between 2 1/2 and 6 years old.
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- Family with School-Age Children: When the oldest child is between 6 and 13 years old.
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- Family with Teenagers: When the oldest child is between 13 and 20 years old.
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- Launching: From the time the oldest child leaves the family for independent adult life till the time the last child leaves.
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- Empty Nest: From the time the children are gone till the marital couple retires from employment.
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- Aging Family: From retirement till the death of the surviving marriage partner.
Family Health Tasks
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- Physical maintenance: Provides food, shelter, clothing, and health care to its members.
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- Socialization of Family: Involves preparation of children to live in the community and interact with people outside the family.
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- Allocation of Resources: Determines which family needs will be met and their order of priority.
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- Maintenance of Order: Task includes opening an effective means of communication between family members, integrating family values, and enforcing common regulations.
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- Division of Labor: Who will fulfill certain roles, e.g., family provider, home manager, children's caregiver.
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- Reproduction, Recruitment, and Release of Family Members: Placement of members into larger society.
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- Placement of Members into Larger Society: Consists of selecting community activities that correlate with the family beliefs and values.
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- Maintenance of Motivation and Morale: Created when members serve as support people to each other.
Family Nursing Process
- Assessment and Diagnoses in Family Nursing Practice: Determining existing and potential health conditions or problems of the family.
- Two major types of assessment:
- First Level Assessment: The process of determining existing and potential health conditions or problems of the family.
- Second Level Assessment: Focuses on the family's ability to perform its functions.### Family Health Tasks
- Recognizing interruptions of health development, stated as potential or readiness
- Making decisions about seeking healthcare and taking action
- Dealing effectively with health and non-health situations
- Providing care to all members of the family
- Maintaining a home environment conducive to health maintenance
Characteristics of a Healthy Family
- Able to provide for physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of family members
- Able to be sensitive to the needs of family members
Health Threats
- Conditions that are conducive to disease and accident, or may result in failure to maintain wellness or realize health potential
- Examples include:
- Presence of risk factors of specific diseases
- Threat of cross-infection from a communicable disease case
- Family size beyond what family resources can adequately provide
- Accident/fire hazards
- Faulty/unhealthful nutritional/eating habits or feeding techniques/practices
- Stress-provoking factors
- Poor home environmental condition/sanitation
- Unsanitary food handling and preparation
- Unhealthful lifestyle and personal habits/practices
- Inherent personal characteristics
- Health history which may participate/induce the occurrence of a health deficit
Health Deficits
- Instances of failure in health maintenance, including disease, disability, and developmental lag
- Data gathering methods include:
- Observation
- Physical examination
- Interview
- Review of records and laboratory and diagnostic procedures
Stress Points/Foreseeable Crisis
- Anticipated periods of unusual demand on the individual or family in terms of adjustment/family resources
- Examples include:
- Marriage
- Pregnancy, labor, puerperium
- Parenthood
- Additional member (e.g., newborn, lodger)
- Abortion
- Entrance at school
- Adolescence
- Divorce or separation
- Menopause
- Loss of job
- Hospitalization of a family member
- Death of a member
- Resettlement in a new community
- Illegitimacy
Five Main Types of Family Nursing Problems
- Inability to recognize the presence of a condition or problem
- Inability to make decisions with respect to taking appropriate health action
- Inability to provide adequate nursing care to the sick, disabled, dependent, or vulnerable/at-risk member of the family
- Inability to provide a home environment conducive to health maintenance and personal development
- Failure to utilize community resources for health care
Family Nursing Diagnosis
- Defines the nature or type of nursing problems that the family encounters in performing health tasks with respect to a given health condition or problem
- Includes the etiology or barriers to the family's assumption of these tasks
Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating in Family Nursing Practice
- Family Nursing Care Plan: a blueprint of nursing care designed to systematically enhance the family's capability to maintain wellness, manage health problems, and utilize community resources
- Steps in Developing a Family Nursing Care Plan:
- Prioritize Health Conditions or Problems
- Goal and Objectives of Nursing Care
- Intervention Plan
- Evaluation Plan
Health Problem
- Process whereby existing and potential health conditions or problems of the family are determined
- Derived from the First Level Assessment of the Typology of Nursing Problems
- Categorizes the presence of:
- Wellness state
- Health deficits
- Health threats
- Foreseeable crisis or stress point
Prioritizing Health Conditions
- Four Criteria:
- Nature of the Problem
- Modifiability of the Condition
- Preventive Potential
- Salience (family's perception and evaluation of the problem in terms of seriousness and urgency)
Implementing Nursing Activities
- Guidelines:
- Nursing actions should be based on scientific knowledge, nursing research, and professional standards of care
- Nursing actions should be adapted to the individual client
- Nursing actions should always be safe
- Nursing actions often require teaching, support, and comfort
- Nursing actions should be holistic and respect the dignity of the client
Goal of Care
- A broad desired outcome toward which behavior is directed
- The Cardinal Principle: Goals must be jointly set with the family to ensure their commitment to their realization
Objectives of Care
- More specific statements of the desired results or outcomes of care
- Types of Objectives:
- Short-term/Immediate Objective
- Long-term/Ultimate Objective
- Medium-term/Intermediate Objective
Evaluation
- Specifies how the nurse will determine changes in health status, condition, and achievement of outcomes of care
- Components:
- Ongoing Evaluation
- Intermittent Evaluation
- Terminal Evaluation
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Description
Test your knowledge of global health definitions and concepts, including the WHO's definition of health, environmental risks, and maternal health terminologies.
