Global Health and Economic Challenges

The systematic use or threat of violence to achieve political goals.

A global trend where emerging powers like China and India are reshaping the world order.

Investments in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and technology.

The state plays a key role in economic management, as seen in China and Russia.

Emphasizing nonviolent activism and peaceful conflict resolution.

Maintain world peace and security with five permanent and ten temporary members.

Biotechnology, nanotechnology, and high-tech industries.

International Health Regulations (IHR).

Smallpox is the most notable disease eradicated globally due to effective vaccination campaigns.

Overcrowding during World War I, poor hygiene, and rapid global travel contributed to the spread of the H1N1 virus, leading to up to 50 million deaths worldwide.

Treatments like ZMapp and other antiviral drugs have significantly improved survival rates and reduced the spread of Ebola.

High population density, global travel, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and zoonotic virus transmission are key factors that contribute to pandemics.

Measles, polio, influenza, and COVID-19 have effective vaccines that significantly reduce transmission and fatalities.

Miracle drugs like penicillin, antiretrovirals (for HIV), and malaria treatments have revolutionized disease management and saved countless lives.

By 2013, China became the second-largest economy with a population exceeding 1.3 billion, growing at an average rate of 7-8% annually.

By the 2020s, China is projected to surpass the U.S. as the largest global economy based on GDP.

The "tigers" (South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan) are known for rapid industrialization and economic growth, while the "dragons" (China and India) represent larger economies with immense potential.

The U.S. has used sanctions, limitations on nuclear capabilities, and diplomatic pressure to contain Iran's influence.

Iran has countered U.S. pressure by forming strategic alliances with Russia and China, aiming to create a counterbalance to U.S. policies.

The Paris Climate Agreement, extending the Kyoto Protocol, emphasizes multilateral cooperation, aligning with Iran's strategy of building alliances against U.S. policies.

By 2030, 90% of urban population growth is projected to occur in Asia and Africa, resulting in 43 megacities globally.

India, with its Westminster system, is the largest democracy by population, while other major multiparty democracies include Britain, Germany, France, and Japan.

The emphasis on STEM education in the United States aims to foster innovation and maintain its global leadership in both economic and scientific spheres.

Malaria and tuberculosis (TB) are among the most prevalent diseases worldwide, posing significant health challenges, especially in developing nations.

Global pandemics can be prevented by implementing strategies such as early detection of outbreaks, stockpiling antiviral drugs, and adopting non-pharmaceutical interventions to limit disease spread.

Governments must prioritize strengthening their capacity to rapidly identify and contain infectious disease outbreaks, enhance global alert and response systems, and provide support to countries struggling to manage outbreaks.

The 2014 Ebola outbreak highlighted weaknesses in global health preparedness, including inadequate healthcare resources, insufficient training for healthcare workers, limited vaccines and treatments, and poor coordination in the international response.

To address future health crises, measures such as increased healthcare resources in affected nations, improved healthcare worker training, sustained pipelines for vaccines and treatments, enhanced diagnostics for faster blood-test results, technology & supply chain improvements, increased funding for research and development of treatments, a global operations center with experts in various fields, and community engagement for education on disease transmission and prevention should be implemented.

Infectious disease outbreaks require a multifaceted approach, including: Reducing opportunities for human infection, improving environmental detection of viruses, enhancing diagnostics for rapid human case detection, coordinating research and response efforts internationally, containing the spread at the source, and stockpiling antiviral drugs and ensuring equitable vaccine distribution.

Health crises have significant economic and social consequences, leading to disability and fatalities, increased absenteeism and reduced productivity, discouraging business investment and limiting development, draining resources from other projects, and undermining social and political stability.

Developing countries often face challenges in escaping poverty due to lack of investments in crucial areas such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare systems.

Technology can play a crucial role in addressing challenges faced by developing countries, including: Irrigation systems to manage drought, improved road infrastructure and mobile phone access to overcome remoteness, and curative and preventive therapies to control diseases.

Persistent global poverty can have serious consequences, including: Famine, epidemics, and humanitarian emergencies, regional conflicts and political instability, and increased security risks.

Industrialization during the 19th century propelled Western nations, notably the U.S., to economic dominance. However, by the late 20th century, countries like China and India began catching up through investments in education and science.

China's rapid economic growth has been impressive, with its GDP (PPP) surpassing the U.S. in 2015 and its foreign currency reserves significantly exceeding those of the U.S.

The term "Post-Americanism" refers to the emergence of a more multipolar world order, where nations like China, India, and Brazil are rising to prominence, shifting the balance of global dominance away from the U.S.