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Questions and Answers
What is the main criticism of the term 'female circumcision'?
What is the main criticism of the term 'female circumcision'?
It is a misleading term because it compares it to male circumcision, despite the fact that female genital cutting is much more invasive.
What was the opposition to female genital cutting in the 1960s?
What was the opposition to female genital cutting in the 1960s?
The Feminist movement opposed it.
How many countries have documented female genital cutting practices?
How many countries have documented female genital cutting practices?
30 countries, mainly in Africa.
What percentage of female genital cutting cases involve the most severe form of the procedure?
What percentage of female genital cutting cases involve the most severe form of the procedure?
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What is the main argument against medicalizing female genital cutting?
What is the main argument against medicalizing female genital cutting?
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What is the primary purpose of female genital cutting, according to Ruth Macklin?
What is the primary purpose of female genital cutting, according to Ruth Macklin?
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What is the main argument made by FGM survivors against the idea of medicalizing female genital cutting?
What is the main argument made by FGM survivors against the idea of medicalizing female genital cutting?
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Why is female genital cutting considered a global ethics issue?
Why is female genital cutting considered a global ethics issue?
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What is one of the main criticisms of cultural relativism, according to the argument from values underlying practice?
What is one of the main criticisms of cultural relativism, according to the argument from values underlying practice?
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What is the significance of the example of eating fathers and burning bodies in the context of cultural relativism?
What is the significance of the example of eating fathers and burning bodies in the context of cultural relativism?
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What is the main point of the argument from moral experience?
What is the main point of the argument from moral experience?
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What is the problem with cultural relativism in relation to moral change or evolution?
What is the problem with cultural relativism in relation to moral change or evolution?
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What is the significance of the global debate and interrelatedness of cultures in the context of cultural relativism?
What is the significance of the global debate and interrelatedness of cultures in the context of cultural relativism?
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What is the implication of cultural relativism on the evaluation of moral practices from different times?
What is the implication of cultural relativism on the evaluation of moral practices from different times?
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What is the issue with cultural relativism in relation to moral progress?
What is the issue with cultural relativism in relation to moral progress?
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What is the significance of the example of human rights and female genital mutilation in the context of cultural relativism?
What is the significance of the example of human rights and female genital mutilation in the context of cultural relativism?
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What is the main principle of consequentialism?
What is the main principle of consequentialism?
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What is the primary focus of ethical egoism?
What is the primary focus of ethical egoism?
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What is the core principle of utilitarianism?
What is the core principle of utilitarianism?
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Who are the fathers of utilitarianism?
Who are the fathers of utilitarianism?
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What is the principle of impartiality?
What is the principle of impartiality?
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What is the goal of cost-benefit analysis in consequentialism?
What is the goal of cost-benefit analysis in consequentialism?
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What is the primary difference between utilitarianism and other forms of consequentialism?
What is the primary difference between utilitarianism and other forms of consequentialism?
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What is the central question in determining happiness according to utilitarianism?
What is the central question in determining happiness according to utilitarianism?
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What is the relationship between justice and virtue according to Aristotle?
What is the relationship between justice and virtue according to Aristotle?
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How does Aristotle define virtue?
How does Aristotle define virtue?
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What is the advantage of virtue theory in terms of moral decision-making?
What is the advantage of virtue theory in terms of moral decision-making?
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How does Aristotle resolve the conflict between partiality and impartiality in moral decision-making?
How does Aristotle resolve the conflict between partiality and impartiality in moral decision-making?
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What is the limitation of virtue theory in terms of its global applicability?
What is the limitation of virtue theory in terms of its global applicability?
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What is the challenge of negotiating conflicts of virtues in moral decision-making?
What is the challenge of negotiating conflicts of virtues in moral decision-making?
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What is the relationship between virtue and character in Aristotle's philosophy?
What is the relationship between virtue and character in Aristotle's philosophy?
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How does Aristotle's concept of virtue address the tension between particularity and universality in moral decision-making?
How does Aristotle's concept of virtue address the tension between particularity and universality in moral decision-making?
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What does the right to bodily integrity mean under the liberty perspective?
What does the right to bodily integrity mean under the liberty perspective?
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What is the right to bodily integrity under the claim perspective?
What is the right to bodily integrity under the claim perspective?
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What is the importance of the power to renounce or transfer one's claim to bodily integrity?
What is the importance of the power to renounce or transfer one's claim to bodily integrity?
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What is the debate surrounding the recognition of exceptions to the prohibition of FGM when an adult gives informed consent?
What is the debate surrounding the recognition of exceptions to the prohibition of FGM when an adult gives informed consent?
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What is the significance of the Cairo declaration (2003) in relation to FGM?
What is the significance of the Cairo declaration (2003) in relation to FGM?
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What is the relationship between the right to bodily integrity and the concept of immunity?
What is the relationship between the right to bodily integrity and the concept of immunity?
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What is the significance of the analysis of critics of values underpinning human rights in the context of FGM?
What is the significance of the analysis of critics of values underpinning human rights in the context of FGM?
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What is the relevance of the concept of self-determination in the context of the right to bodily integrity?
What is the relevance of the concept of self-determination in the context of the right to bodily integrity?
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What is the primary focus of global ethics?
What is the primary focus of global ethics?
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What is a characteristic of an ethical dilemma?
What is a characteristic of an ethical dilemma?
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What is the significance of the ticking bomb scenario in global ethics?
What is the significance of the ticking bomb scenario in global ethics?
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Why is discussing global ethics important?
Why is discussing global ethics important?
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What is the relationship between global ethics and restorative justice?
What is the relationship between global ethics and restorative justice?
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What is the characteristic of global ethics issues?
What is the characteristic of global ethics issues?
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What is the significance of exercising the ability to think and discuss in building a democratic society?
What is the significance of exercising the ability to think and discuss in building a democratic society?
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What is the primary concern of global ethics?
What is the primary concern of global ethics?
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Which theory of ethics holds that certain things are good or bad for people regardless of whether they want to have or avoid them?
Which theory of ethics holds that certain things are good or bad for people regardless of whether they want to have or avoid them?
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What is a criticism of the objective theory of ethics?
What is a criticism of the objective theory of ethics?
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What is an advantage of utilitarianism?
What is an advantage of utilitarianism?
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What is a disadvantage of utilitarianism?
What is a disadvantage of utilitarianism?
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What is the goal of consequentialism?
What is the goal of consequentialism?
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What is the principle of impartiality in utilitarianism?
What is the principle of impartiality in utilitarianism?
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What is the significance of Maslow's hierarchy in the context of objective theory?
What is the significance of Maslow's hierarchy in the context of objective theory?
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What is the central concern of utilitarianism?
What is the central concern of utilitarianism?
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What are human rights (HRs) primarily intended to protect people from?
What are human rights (HRs) primarily intended to protect people from?
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What is implied by the concept of universality in human rights?
What is implied by the concept of universality in human rights?
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What is the characteristic of human rights that implies they address a variety of specific problems?
What is the characteristic of human rights that implies they address a variety of specific problems?
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What is the main difference between human rights and race laws?
What is the main difference between human rights and race laws?
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What is the primary focus of the definition of human rights at this level?
What is the primary focus of the definition of human rights at this level?
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What is implied by the concept of 'rights held by individuals simply because they are part of the human species'?
What is implied by the concept of 'rights held by individuals simply because they are part of the human species'?
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What is the significance of exploring the concept of human rights in the context of FGM?
What is the significance of exploring the concept of human rights in the context of FGM?
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What is the main goal of exploring the nature of human rights in GE theories and in practical tasks?
What is the main goal of exploring the nature of human rights in GE theories and in practical tasks?
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What is the main drawback of utilitarianism in the context of FGM?
What is the main drawback of utilitarianism in the context of FGM?
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What is the primary focus of deontology?
What is the primary focus of deontology?
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What is the main difference between consequentialism and deontology?
What is the main difference between consequentialism and deontology?
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What is the name of the theory that holds that some choices cannot be justified by their effects?
What is the name of the theory that holds that some choices cannot be justified by their effects?
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What is the primary goal of cost-benefit analysis in consequentialism?
What is the primary goal of cost-benefit analysis in consequentialism?
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What is the main criticism of utilitarianism in the context of FGM?
What is the main criticism of utilitarianism in the context of FGM?
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What is the significance of Batman's decision not to kill the Joker in the context of moral theories?
What is the significance of Batman's decision not to kill the Joker in the context of moral theories?
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What is the composition of our moral toolbox?
What is the composition of our moral toolbox?
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According to John Locke, what is the sole justification for the creation of governments?
According to John Locke, what is the sole justification for the creation of governments?
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What is the term for the four basic components of rights, including liberty, claim, power, and immunity?
What is the term for the four basic components of rights, including liberty, claim, power, and immunity?
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What is the primary purpose of the 'secondary rules' in the Hohfeldian framework?
What is the primary purpose of the 'secondary rules' in the Hohfeldian framework?
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What is meant by 'privilege' or 'liberty' in the Hohfeldian framework?
What is meant by 'privilege' or 'liberty' in the Hohfeldian framework?
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What is the significance of the US Declaration of Independence in relation to John Locke's ideas?
What is the significance of the US Declaration of Independence in relation to John Locke's ideas?
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What is the relationship between the French Revolution and John Locke's ideas?
What is the relationship between the French Revolution and John Locke's ideas?
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What is the significance of the concept of 'power' in the Hohfeldian framework?
What is the significance of the concept of 'power' in the Hohfeldian framework?
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What is the relationship between the concept of 'immunity' and the concept of 'claim' in the Hohfeldian framework?
What is the relationship between the concept of 'immunity' and the concept of 'claim' in the Hohfeldian framework?
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Study Notes
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
- FGM is a misleading term as it compares it to male circumcision, despite being more invasive for females.
- In the 1960s, the Feminist movement opposed the practice of FGM.
- FGM is also known as Female Genital Cutting.
- It has been documented in 30 countries, mainly in Africa.
- The type of procedure varies with ethnicity and tradition.
- About 10% of over ten million women have undergone Type 3 FGM.
- FGM has no health benefits and causes harm to women in many ways, including immediate complications and long-term consequences.
Ethical Debates around FGM
- Some argue that FGM is a cultural practice that should be respected, but others argue that it is a form of gender-based violence and a violation of human rights.
- The purpose of FGM is to control women, which is why it is still being carried out.
- Performing FGM under medical conditions would deny that it is a form of gender-based violence.
- FGM is not only a medical issue but also an ethical one.
Global Ethics
- Cultural relativism can be criticized for exaggerating differences between cultures and confusing underlying values with application in practice.
- Moral experience is not just a matter of opinions, but involves shared moral values.
- Moral change or evolution is often progress, but by what standard do we judge new ways as better?
- Different cultures may have different moral codes, but there are shared values, such as human rights.
Consequentialism
- Consequentialism is the view that normative properties depend only on consequences.
- Whether an act is morally right depends only on the consequences of that act.
- There are three types of consequentialism: ethical egoism, group consequentialism, and utilitarianism.
Virtue Theory
- Virtue theory is a context-sensitive approach that stresses the complexity of moral life.
- It permits appropriate partiality and allows for intimate caring for particular others, while also being concerned with universal humanitarian caring.
- Advantages of virtue theory include its context sensitivity and ability to combine intimate caring with universal concern.
- Disadvantages include difficulty in applying it globally and negotiating conflicts of virtues.
Rights Perspective
- Under a liberty perspective, the right to bodily integrity means having control over one's body and being free from non-consensual assault or invasion.
- Under a claim perspective, the right to bodily integrity is a claim against bodily intrusion and a claim to bodily authority and self-determination.
- Secondary rules include power and immunity, which allow individuals to renounce or transfer their claims.
FGM and Human Rights
- The Cairo declaration for the elimination of FGM (2003) states that all performance of FGM should be illegal and that consent is irrelevant.
- Governments may wish to recognize exceptions to a prohibition on FGM when an adult undergoes the procedure with informed consent.
- FGM is considered a practice that infringes human rights, particularly in the case of Tanzania.
Global Ethics
- Global ethics is a field of theoretical enquiry that addresses ethical questions and problems arising out of the global interconnection and interdependence of the world.
- It involves discussing and seeking solutions to real-world issues, not abstract or metaphysical issues.
- Ethical claims don't arise in a vacuum, they are always articulated in a political context.
- Global ethics issues often take the form of ethical dilemmas, where two alternatives can lead to suboptimal outcomes.
Ethical Dilemmas
- An example of an ethical dilemma is the "ticking bomb scenario", where one must decide whether to torture someone to obtain information that could prevent a large number of deaths.
- The logical structure of this dilemma is: either torture the person, which may lead to severe harm but could prevent a large number of deaths, or not torture the person, which would lead to a large number of deaths.
Objective Theory
- According to the objective theory, certain things are good or bad for people regardless of whether they want to have or avoid them.
- These goods are essential for human flourishing and self-realization.
- This theory is supported by the anthropologist Maslow, who organized a hierarchy of human needs, from basic needs like food and shelter to more complex needs like security and confidence.
Utilitarianism
- Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that captures important ethical insights, particularly the idea that the consequences of our actions are crucial in determining what is the right thing to do.
- Advantages of utilitarianism include impartiality and the maximization of happiness.
- Disadvantages of utilitarianism include the potential for the ends to justify the means, and the failure to protect individual rights.
- A example of a weakness of utilitarianism is the "FGM case", where the benefits of the practice to society may outweigh the harm to individuals, leading utilitarianism to support the practice.
The Ethical Toolbox
- The ethical toolbox consists of three main tools: moral theories, political theories, and rights-based theories.
- Moral theories include consequentialism, deontology, and virtue theory.
- Political theories include cosmopolitanism, nationalism, and political realism.
- Rights-based theories include global human rights and critiques of the rights framework.
Deontology
- Deontology is an ethical theory that holds that some choices cannot be justified by their effects, but rather by their conformity with a moral norm.
- What matters is the respect for the duty, rather than the consequences of the action.
- An example of a deontological theory is the Kantian theory, which is illustrated by the example of Batman's refusal to kill the Joker, even if it would prevent him from killing others.
Human Rights
- Human rights are norms that help to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal, and social abuses.
- They are defined by four key characteristics: they are rights held by individuals simply because they are part of the human species, they are plural, they are universal, and they are norms.
- Human rights can be further broken down into the Hohfeldian elements of liberty, claim, power, and immunity.
- The history of human rights shows that there are different kinds of rights, and that they have a complex internal structure.
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This quiz covers the concept of female genital mutilation, its comparisons to male circumcision, and the opposition from the Feminist movement in the 1960s.