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Questions and Answers
Which type of resource is a cell phone?
Which type of resource is a cell phone?
- Club good
- Private good (correct)
- Common-pool resource
- Public good
What is an example of a common-pool resource?
What is an example of a common-pool resource?
- Stable climate
- Public parking (correct)
- Ivy League classes
- National defense
What is the primary goal of the Paris Agreement (2016)?
What is the primary goal of the Paris Agreement (2016)?
- Promoting international environmental cooperation
- Encouraging developed countries to reduce emissions
- Limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius (correct)
- Setting standards for greenhouse gas emissions
What was the role of TANs in the case of South African apartheid?
What was the role of TANs in the case of South African apartheid?
What makes it difficult for states to cooperate in addressing environmental issues?
What makes it difficult for states to cooperate in addressing environmental issues?
Which international agreement aimed at addressing environmental concerns was adopted in 1987?
Which international agreement aimed at addressing environmental concerns was adopted in 1987?
What is an example of a club good?
What is an example of a club good?
What type of resources lead to depletion due to sheep grazing?
What type of resources lead to depletion due to sheep grazing?
What is the main characteristic of public goods?
What is the main characteristic of public goods?
What can help promote international environmental cooperation by setting standards and enforcing mechanisms?
What can help promote international environmental cooperation by setting standards and enforcing mechanisms?
What are some of the environmental problems mentioned in the text?
What are some of the environmental problems mentioned in the text?
Why are environmental problems likely to worsen?
Why are environmental problems likely to worsen?
Which issue has been successfully resolved according to the text?
Which issue has been successfully resolved according to the text?
What is the main reason for the difficulty in international cooperation to protect the environment?
What is the main reason for the difficulty in international cooperation to protect the environment?
Which factor should ideally equal per capita consumption according to the text?
Which factor should ideally equal per capita consumption according to the text?
Which of the following is identified as a cause of environmental problems worsening?
Which of the following is identified as a cause of environmental problems worsening?
What are some examples of water-related environmental problems mentioned in the text?
What are some examples of water-related environmental problems mentioned in the text?
What are some examples of land-related environmental problems mentioned in the text?
What are some examples of land-related environmental problems mentioned in the text?
What are some examples of air-related environmental problems mentioned in the text?
What are some examples of air-related environmental problems mentioned in the text?
Which treaty provides rights that largely favor Western states?
Which treaty provides rights that largely favor Western states?
Which agreement provides basic economic, social, and cultural rights and is favored by Communist or newly independent states?
Which agreement provides basic economic, social, and cultural rights and is favored by Communist or newly independent states?
As of December 2023, how many members of the UN have ratified the ICCPR?
As of December 2023, how many members of the UN have ratified the ICCPR?
As of December 2023, how many ratifiers does the ICESCR have?
As of December 2023, how many ratifiers does the ICESCR have?
Which form of violence is stated to be the deadliest and most frequent in the world today?
Which form of violence is stated to be the deadliest and most frequent in the world today?
What is a reason why some governments violate human rights?
What is a reason why some governments violate human rights?
What does the International Criminal Court (ICC) try individuals for?
What does the International Criminal Court (ICC) try individuals for?
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Study Notes
- Tragedy of the commons is a situation where individuals, acting independently, deplete a shared resource, leading to its eventual depletion. An example is the depletion of resources due to sheep grazing.
- Resources can be classified into different types based on their characteristics:
- Privategoods: Rival and excludable, owned by individuals or organizations, example: cell phones.
- Public goods: Non-rival and non-excludable, available to all, i.e., stable climate and national defense.
- Common-pool resources: Non-rival but rival, limited capacity, i.e., public parking, Saudi Arabian oil fields, tuna.
- Club goods: Non-rival but excludable, access is limited to members, i.e., membership clubs, Ivy League classes.
- Many environmental issues are public goods or common-pool resources, leading to collective action problems.
- Collective action problems make it difficult for states to cooperate as actors may be tempted to free ride.
- Pollution and development create distributional conflicts between developing and developed countries. Historically, rich countries have been the largest emitters of greenhouse gases and have emitted almost 70 percent of cumulative carbon dioxide since 1850.
- International institutions, like the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), can help promote international environmental cooperation by setting standards, verifying compliance, and enforcing mechanisms.
- The Montreal Protocol (1987), Biological Diversity (1992), Desertification (1992), and Kyoto Protocol (1997) are examples of international agreements addressing environmental concerns.
- The Paris Agreement (2016) was adopted with the primary goal of limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, with efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees.
- Human rights:
- For over 40 years, South Africa was run by a white-dominated apartheid regime.
- TANs (Transnational advocacy networks) and South African opposition groups brought international pressure against the regime, but it wasn't enough to create change domestically.
- TANs shared information with international human rights organizations, which then pressured their domestic governments to intervene.
- States used their influence to punish human rights abuses.
- The apartheid regime fell in 1990, illustrating TANs' success in the area of human rights and the willingness of states to intervene in cases of human rights abuses.
- Interfering in cases of human rights abuses can be risky, as it violates the principle of national sovereignty.
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