Global Encounters: Exploration & Colonization
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Questions and Answers

What was the main goal of Hernan Cortez during his expeditions?

  • To find new lands for Portugal
  • To spread Christianity in Africa
  • To conquer the Aztec Empire (correct)
  • To establish trade routes to Asia

What was the significance of the Line of Demarcation established in 1494?

  • It separated the territories claimed by Portugal and Spain (correct)
  • It marked the boundary of the Incan empire
  • It defined trade routes for the Triangular Trade
  • It determined the extent of British colonial territories

What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on the Americas?

  • It caused immediate economic prosperity for indigenous people
  • Diseases were exchanged along with goods (correct)
  • It led to a decrease in European populations
  • Only new plants and animals were introduced

Which exploration achievement is attributed to Ferdinand Magellan?

<p>Circumnavigated the globe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary function of the Middle Passage in the Triangular Trade?

<p>To transport enslaved Africans to the Americas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major consequence of the ‘Guns, Germs, and Steel’ thesis?

<p>Native Americans were at a disadvantage in conflict with Europeans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Bartolome de las Casas play during the colonization period?

<p>He was an advocate for social reform and human rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of Vasco da Gama’s voyages?

<p>To find an ocean route to India (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'predestination' refer to in a religious context?

<p>The idea that one's soul path was predetermined (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which thinker is known as the father of modern physics?

<p>Isaac Newton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary idea promoted by Baron de Montesquieu?

<p>The separation of powers within government (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document linked the powers of the monarch to legal limitations in England?

<p>The English Bill of Rights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event symbolized the beginning of the French Revolution?

<p>The Storming of the Bastille (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Thomas Hobbes advocate regarding human nature?

<p>Humans are inherently evil and require control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual led the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution?

<p>Maximilien Robespierre (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic philosophy is Adam Smith most associated with?

<p>Laissez-faire capitalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes John Locke's beliefs about government?

<p>Governments exist to protect natural rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key features of Renaissance art?

<p>A focus on humanism and realism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Peninsulares in the colonial hierarchy?

<p>People of pure blood and white Spanish descent born in Spain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the decline of indigenous populations in North America after Spanish contact?

<p>Disease brought by Europeans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant reason for the development of African slavery in North America?

<p>Need for workers to mine raw materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'Absolutism'?

<p>A system of governance where one ruler holds all power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary outcome of the African slave trade for the continent of Africa?

<p>Loss of a significant portion of the population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monarch is known for prioritizing religious unity and creating the Spanish Armada?

<p>Philip II of Spain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Peter the Great aim to transform Russia?

<p>Through the westernization of Russian society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Louis XIV of France utilize to show off his wealth and power?

<p>The creation of the Palace of Versailles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the function of the Index within the Catholic Church?

<p>To list books banned by the Church (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document granted religious freedom to Huguenots in France?

<p>Edict of Nantes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Martin Luther's 95 Theses primarily concerned with?

<p>Corruption in the Catholic Church (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovation is Johann Gutenberg best known for?

<p>The development of the printing press (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the 'Diet of Worms'?

<p>An imperial assembly where Martin Luther defended his teachings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Constitutionalism

A political philosophy that limits the power of the government and emphasizes the rule of law.

Predestination

The belief that a person's fate, including their salvation, is predetermined by God.

Tennis Court Oath

A meeting of the National Assembly in June 1789, where members pledged to not disband until a new constitution for France was written.

Geocentric Theory

The theory that the Earth is the center of the universe.

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Heliocentric Theory

The theory that the Sun is the center of the universe.

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Thomas Hobbes' Philosophy

The idea that humans are inherently evil and the government's role is to protect individuals from harming themselves and each other.

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English Bill of Rights

A document that established a joint monarchy between William and Mary, limiting the power of the monarch and promoting individual rights.

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Natural Rights

The belief that all humans have inherent rights to life, liberty, and property.

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Separation of Powers

A system of government where power is separated into different branches, such as the executive, legislative, and judicial.

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Salon

A meeting place for intellectuals and elites during the Enlightenment, where they shared ideas and discussed philosophical concepts.

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Mercantilism

A policy that focused on accumulating wealth through trade, primarily by maximizing exports and minimizing imports.

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Francisco Pizarro

A Spanish explorer who conquered the Inca Empire in South America. His actions led to the establishment of Spanish control in the region.

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Hernan Cortes

A Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico. His victory led to the colonization of the region and the establishment of Spanish control.

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Ferdinand Magellan

A Spanish explorer who set out to find a western route to the Indies. He is credited with being the first to circumnavigate the globe. His achievements increased European knowledge of the world.

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Encomiendas

A system of forced labor used by the Spanish in their newly conquered colonies. It granted conquistadors control over indigenous populations and their labor.

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Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (Americas) after Columbus's voyages.

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Middle Passage

The forced transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. This horrific journey was a key part of the triangular trade system.

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Caravel

A small, fast sailing ship used by Spanish and Portuguese explorers. These ships were key to navigating the oceans during the Age of Exploration.

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Peninsulares

People of pure Spanish descent born in Spain who lived in the colonies.

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Creoles

People born in the colonies with mixed European descent, especially in the Caribbean.

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Mestizos

A person of mixed Spanish and indigenous American descent.

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Absolutism

A form of government where all power is concentrated in the hands of a single ruler.

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Absolute Monarch

The ruler in an absolute monarchy.

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Table of Ranks

A system of government that aims to standardize and improve administration by categorizing roles and responsibilities.

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Scorched Earth

A policy of burning crops and destroying resources to deprive an enemy of supplies.

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Westernization

The process of adopting Western culture and values.

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Divine Right

The belief that a monarch's right to rule is granted by God.

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Palace of Versailles

The palace built by Louis XIV, a grand symbol of French power and wealth.

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Divine Right of Kings

The belief that the monarch's authority is limitless and not subject to any earthly power other than God.

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Estates General

A meeting of representatives from the three estates of France: clergy, nobility, and commoners.

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Sun King

The nickname given to Louis XIV, reflecting his belief in his own absolute power and his grand image.

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Diet of Worms

An imperial assembly held in Worms, Germany in 1521, where Martin Luther was summoned to defend his religious teachings.

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Indulgences

The price paid to the Catholic Church to reduce the time spent in purgatory after death.

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Study Notes

Unit 1: Global Encounters

  • Exploration & Colonization
    • Mercantilism: Economic system based on maximizing exports and minimizing imports, viewed as a zero-sum game.
    • Bartolomé de las Casas: Social reformer and historian.
    • Moctezuma & Aztecs: Aztec ruler during Spanish conquest.
    • Atahualpa & Incas: Inca ruler during Spanish conquest.
    • Francisco Pizarro: Spanish explorer, conquered the Inca Empire.
    • Hernán Cortés: Spanish explorer, conquered the Aztec Empire.
    • "Guns, Germs, and Steel": Thesis explaining factors contributing to European dominance in conquest.
    • Triangular Trade: Trade system linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
    • Middle Passage: Part of the triangular trade, transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas.
    • Christopher Columbus: Explorer who "discovered" the Americas, leading to European colonization.
    • Line of Demarcation: Treaty of Tordesillas line dividing newly claimed lands between Spain and Portugal.
    • Ferdinand Magellan: Explorer who circumnavigated the globe.
    • Caravel: Small, fast sailing ship.
    • Astrolabe: Navigation instrument.
    • Vasco da Gama: Portuguese explorer, discovered maritime route to India.
    • Zheng He: Chinese admiral, explorer, and diplomat.
    • Columbian Exchange: Global exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe.
    • Conquistadors: Spanish conquerors of the Americas.
    • Encomienda System: Spanish labor system exploiting indigenous populations.
    • Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain, holding high social status in colonies.
    • Creoles: People of European descent born in the Americas.
    • Mestizos: People of mixed European and Indigenous descent.
    • European Exploration Motives: Desire for new trade routes and resources.
    • Resistance to Portuguese Colonization: Armed resistance & diplomatic strategies.
    • Spanish Conquest Factors: Diseases, superior technology (guns, steel).
    • African Slave Trade Causes: Labor demand in Americas' colonies.
    • African Slave Trade Effects: Depopulation of Africa, economic disruption/war.

Unit 2: Revolutions

Political Revolutions

  • Magna Carta: Document limiting the power of the English monarch.
  • Stuart Kings: Charles I, Charles II, and James II, rulers of England.
  • Petition of Right: Limited the king's power to levy taxes without Parliament's consent.
  • Cavaliers/Roundheads: Sides in the English Civil War.
  • Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector of England, ruled in the Interregnum.
  • Restoration: Return of the monarchy under Charles II.
  • Glorious Revolution: Events leading to the exile of King James II.
  • English Bill of Rights: Document limiting monarchical power, establishing parliamentary supremacy.
  • Parliament: Legislative body in government.
  • Constitutionalism: Political philosophy.
  • First/Second/Third Estates: Social classes in pre-revolutionary France.
  • Bourgeoisie: Middle class in pre-revolutionary France.
  • Committee of Public Safety: Led by Robespierre, during the French Revolution.
  • Tennis Court Oath: National Assembly's pledge not to disband until a new French constitution was created.
  • Storming of the Bastille: Attack on the Bastille, triggering the French Revolution.
  • Causes of Absolute Monarchy Power Maintenance: Isolation and limited rank of advisors.

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Test your knowledge on Unit 1: Global Encounters, focusing on the Age of Exploration and Colonization. This quiz covers key figures, concepts, and events that shaped the interactions between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, including mercantilism, the triangular trade, and notable explorers.

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