Questions and Answers
What is Sosua known for in the Dominican Republic?
What term describes the landscapes that are building blocks of imagined worlds in globalization according to Arjun Appadurai?
Sexscapes
Inequality exists in sexscapes based on race, gender, class, and nationality.
True
What is one characteristic of sexscapes?
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What causes the growth of sex tourism in developing countries?
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Which country is associated with a widespread image as a sex hot spot?
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Sex workers in the Dominican Republic often seek __________ as a strategy for improvement.
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What role do sex workers often see marriage as in the Dominican Republic?
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The body is solely a physical entity and does not carry cultural meanings.
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What is the global economy?
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What is neoliberalism?
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What is the difference between liberalism and neoliberalism?
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What is deregulation?
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What is privatization?
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What are the underlying values of neoliberal thinking?
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Who are the biggest proponents of neoliberalism in the USA?
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Why is the concept of liberalism confusing in North America?
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What is a crucial factor in the development of the global economy under neoliberalism?
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How are the poor and especially poor women burdened by structural adjustment policies?
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What is the feminization of unemployment?
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What is the global division of labor?
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How have neoliberal policies adversely affected wealthier nations?
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What is global apartheid?
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What are the racial disparities in the criminal justice system?
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What is de-Americanization?
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What is the feminization of poverty?
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How is the gendered global labor force created?
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What is a tautological argument?
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What is the feminization of labor?
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Why do multinational corporations like poor nations?
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What are maquilas?
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What is the transnational labor force?
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What is the most common job for women in the transnational labor force?
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When women leave their home country to pursue work abroad, what typically happens to their own children?
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What is transnational motherhood?
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What is the feminization of international migration?
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What area of the world economy has been most affected by the loosening of border controls and migration?
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What is the Grand Tour?
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What is sex tourism?
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What is Fordist accumulation?
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What is flexible accumulation?
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What are Host/Hostess Clubs?
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Study Notes
The Global Economy and Neoliberalism
- The global economy consists of an extensive network facilitating the exchange of capital, goods, services, and labor across national borders.
- Neoliberalism promotes free markets, privatization, and minimal government interference, significantly influencing global wealth distribution since the late 1970s.
- It is a continuation of classical liberalism, emphasizing limited government and allowing market forces to dictate economic outcomes.
Neoliberalism Defined
- Neoliberalism supports deregulation and privatization of public goods, arguing these will lead to increased efficiency and innovation.
- Proponents claim that free markets inherently benefit everyone by creating fair wealth distribution and facilitating technological progress.
Liberalism vs. Neoliberalism
- Classical Liberalism advocates for liberty, equality, and a welfare state, whereas Neoliberalism favors free markets and unequal wealth distribution, often undermining welfare provisions.
Key Neoliberal Policies
- Deregulation: Elimination of government controls on commercial activities to enhance profits.
- Privatization: Transition of public services and enterprises into private sector hands, affecting areas like health and education negatively for low-income populations.
Structural Adjustment Policies
- Institutions like the World Bank and IMF impose conditions on loans that often lead to cuts in social programs in borrowing countries, exacerbating poverty and inequality.
- These policies disproportionately affect women and marginalized communities, deepening societal vulnerabilities.
Feminization of Poverty and Unemployment
- Women's labor is often devalued, leading to higher unemployment rates among women, especially during economic downturns.
- Structural adjustment policies and labor market retrenchment contribute to the feminization of poverty, pushing women into low-paying, unstable jobs.
Global Division of Labor
- Advanced capitalist nations outsource manufacturing to lower-wage countries, reinforcing gender biases and economic disparities.
- The outcome is a global labor structure that exploits cheap labor in the Global South while products are marketed in wealthy nations.
Transnational Labor Dynamics
- Female migration for work is rising, with many women leaving their children behind, resulting in a global phenomenon known as transnational motherhood.
- These women often take on low-status jobs abroad, further entrenching economic inequalities and gender roles.
Impact of Tourism
- Tourism has evolved into a critical industry for economic development in many poorer nations, yet it has also given rise to a controversial sex tourism sector.
- Historical practices, such as the Grand Tour, continue today, often perpetuating colonial stereotypes and exploitation of local women.
Global Apartheid and Inequality
- An international system manifests disparities in wealth and human rights, often influenced by race, gender, and geographic location.
- Racial disparities are prevalent within the criminal justice system, disproportionately affecting African American and Latino communities.
Gendered Selling of Labor
- Corporations favor employing women in deregulated environments due to their perceived docility and low wage acceptance.
- Maquiladoras serve as a case study of women's exploitation in the labor market, where their roles are commodified and devalued.
Sexscapes and Commodification
- Locations such as Sosua exemplify how global cultural flows intersect with commodified sexual relations, blending tourism with exploitation.
- Sex tourism reflects deepening inequalities in the global economy and reinforces systemic poverty among women in developing regions.### Sexscapes and Racialization
- Developing world locations termed "sexscapes," where sex work defines the culture and identity of women.
- Dominican women in Europe, especially Germany, are stereotyped as sexually available, contributing to their racialization.
- Thailand recognized as a prominent destination for sex tourism, enhancing its image as a sex hotspot.
- Male sex tourists often engage in racialized sexual fantasies, associating nationality, race, and gender with sexual prowess, attracted by lower costs than their home countries.
Male Sex Tourist Behaviors
- Negative and misogynistic attitudes expressed by male sex tourists towards women from their home countries, including partners and wives.
- A preference for traditional relationships draws Western males to seek out compliant and feminine partners in sexscapes.
- Economic advantages experienced by sex tourists in places like the Dominican Republic allow them to escape social and economic constraints faced at home.
Sex Worker Strategies - Dominican Republic
- Sex workers leverage unequal conditions to pursue opportunities such as forming stable relationships with Europeans for financial support and migration prospects.
- Marriage to foreigners is often viewed as a primary route for legal migration from the Dominican Republic.
- For many, marriages serve as transactions, improving financial security amid chronic labor instability and crises, often devoid of romantic love.
Embodying Gender
- The body is viewed as a social construct with cultural significances attached to it.
- It serves as a medium through which political, economic, and social inequalities are embodied and expressed.
- Bodies also become sites of protest and resistance against inequality and discrimination.
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Explore key concepts from Chapter 7 regarding the global economy and neoliberalism. This quiz covers definitions and core ideas that shape the understanding of economic systems and labor dynamics today.