Questions and Answers
What were the Latin American Wars of Independence?
Enlightenment ideas, revolutions in other lands, and dissatisfaction with European rule caused revolutions in Latin America.
Which of the following are long term causes of the Latin American Revolutions? (Select all that apply)
What were the immediate causes of Latin American Revolutions? (Select all that apply)
What is a revolution?
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What is the Enlightenment?
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What is nationalism?
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What is mercantilism?
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Who are the Creoles?
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Who are the Mestizos?
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Who are the Mulattoes?
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Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?
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Who was Miguel Hidalgo?
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Who was Jose Morelos?
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Who was Simon Bolivar?
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How did the colonial class system contribute to discontent in Latin America?
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What was the first step in Haiti's road to independence?
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What role did Toussaint L'Ouverture play in Haiti's struggle?
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How did Toussaint L'Ouverture aid the cause of Haitian independence?
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Why did Creoles in Mexico refuse to support Hidalgo or Morelos?
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What was Bolivar's goal for South America?
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Did Bolivar achieve his goal?
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Study Notes
Latin American Wars of Independence
- Triggered by Enlightenment ideas, revolutions elsewhere, and dissatisfaction with colonial rule.
- The Haitian Revolution resulted in the first successful slave-led uprising, ending French control at a high human cost.
- Resulted in the emergence of independent nations across Mexico, Central America, and South America.
Long Term Causes of Revolutions
- European domination enforced colonial rule in Latin America.
- Spread of Enlightenment ideologies encouraged people to challenge established authorities.
- Influence from the American and French revolutions as models for rebellion.
- Rising nationalism as people sought self-determination.
Immediate Causes of Revolutions
- Resentment among Creoles, Mestizos, and Indigenous people towards European colonialists.
- Emergence of revolutionary leaders who spearheaded independence movements.
- Napoleon's invasion of Spain destabilized colonial governance by removing the Spanish king.
Key Terms
- Revolution: A forceful overthrow of a government in favor of a new system.
- The Enlightenment: A philosophical movement promoting reason, liberty, and scientific inquiry, challenging authority of monarchies and religion.
- Nationalism: Strong pride and devotion toward one's own country.
Social Hierarchy in Colonies
- Creoles: American-born descendants of Spanish settlers; frustrated with their subordinate status in colonial society.
- Mestizos: Individuals of mixed Native American and European descent; faced discrimination and social limitations.
- Mulattoes: Individuals of mixed African and European descent; similarly marginalized within colonial social structures.
Key Figures
- Toussaint L'Ouverture: Led the Haitian slave revolt against French rule; became a national hero and figure of independence.
- Miguel Hidalgo: Mexican priest who initiated the independence movement with a call to arms among Native Americans.
- Jose Morelos: Took over the Mexican independence movement after Hidalgo’s death; aimed for significant reforms.
- Simon Bolivar: Venezuelan leader who fought for South American independence from Spain and envisioned a unified nation.
Discontent Among Classes
- Displeasure among Creoles due to their treated as second-class citizens.
- Resistance from merchants against mercantilist policies limiting their economic freedom.
- Tensions between Mestizos, Mulattoes, and the ruling classes due to systemic discrimination and lack of trust.
Notable Events
- Haitian Independence: Sparked by a slave revolt in 1791; led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, ultimately leading to Haiti's freedom from France.
- L'Ouverture’s leadership included military successes and national rebuilding efforts, though he was eventually captured by French forces.
Challenges to Leaders
- Creoles' reluctance to support Hidalgo and Morelos stemmed from fears that revolutionary changes would diminish their power and privilege.
- Bolivar aimed for both independence from Spain and the creation of a unified nation, which was only partially successful; independence achieved in several regions but unification efforts ultimately failed.
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Explore the key concepts and events surrounding the Latin American Wars of Independence through these flashcards. Understand the role of Enlightenment ideas and the impact of revolutions in shaping independent nations across Latin America.