Global 10: Latin American Revolutions

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Questions and Answers

What were the Latin American Wars of Independence?

Enlightenment ideas, revolutions in other lands, and dissatisfaction with European rule caused revolutions in Latin America.

Which of the following are long term causes of the Latin American Revolutions? (Select all that apply)

Spread of Enlightenment ideas (correct)

American and French revolutions (correct)

European domination of Latin America (correct)

Economic prosperity in colonies

What were the immediate causes of Latin American Revolutions? (Select all that apply)

Napoleon invades Spain and ousts the Spanish king (correct)

Creoles, Mestizos, and Indians resent European colonial rule (correct)

Revolutionary leaders emerge (correct)

Economic boom in Spain

What is a revolution?

A forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Enlightenment?

A philosophical movement emphasizing reason, liberty, and the scientific method. Signup and view all the answers

What is nationalism?

The feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. Signup and view all the answers

What is mercantilism?

The economic theory that colonies exist to bring profit to the mother country. Signup and view all the answers

Who are the Creoles?

American-born descendants of Spanish settlers in Spain's colonies. Signup and view all the answers

Who are the Mestizos?

People in Spain's colonies who were of Native American and European descent. Signup and view all the answers

Who are the Mulattoes?

People in Spain's colonies who were of African and European descent. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?

A self-educated former slave who led the slaves in Haiti to revolt against French control. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Miguel Hidalgo?

A Mexican priest who led peasants in a call for independence. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Jose Morelos?

A Mexican mestizo priest who fought for wide-ranging reforms during the Mexican Revolution. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Simon Bolivar?

A Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. Signup and view all the answers

How did the colonial class system contribute to discontent in Latin America?

Creoles were unhappy with their second-class status, merchants disliked mercantilist policies, and Mestizos/Mulattoes faced discrimination. Signup and view all the answers

What was the first step in Haiti's road to independence?

The slave revolt in 1791 led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Toussaint L'Ouverture play in Haiti's struggle?

He provided leadership in battle and worked to rebuild the country after the slaves were freed. Signup and view all the answers

How did Toussaint L'Ouverture aid the cause of Haitian independence?

L'Ouverture led an army of former slaves in a rebellion that began in 1791. Signup and view all the answers

Why did Creoles in Mexico refuse to support Hidalgo or Morelos?

They feared that the liberal ideas of Hidalgo and Morelos would cost them power. Signup and view all the answers

What was Bolivar's goal for South America?

Independence from Spain and unity as a single nation. Signup and view all the answers

Did Bolivar achieve his goal?

Bolivar achieved independence for Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, but his plan for union as a single nation failed. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Latin American Wars of Independence

Triggered by Enlightenment ideas, revolutions elsewhere, and dissatisfaction with colonial rule.
The Haitian Revolution resulted in the first successful slave-led uprising, ending French control at a high human cost.
Resulted in the emergence of independent nations across Mexico, Central America, and South America.

Long Term Causes of Revolutions

European domination enforced colonial rule in Latin America.
Spread of Enlightenment ideologies encouraged people to challenge established authorities.
Influence from the American and French revolutions as models for rebellion.
Rising nationalism as people sought self-determination.

Immediate Causes of Revolutions

Resentment among Creoles, Mestizos, and Indigenous people towards European colonialists.
Emergence of revolutionary leaders who spearheaded independence movements.
Napoleon's invasion of Spain destabilized colonial governance by removing the Spanish king.

Key Terms

Revolution: A forceful overthrow of a government in favor of a new system.
The Enlightenment: A philosophical movement promoting reason, liberty, and scientific inquiry, challenging authority of monarchies and religion.
Nationalism: Strong pride and devotion toward one's own country.

Creoles: American-born descendants of Spanish settlers; frustrated with their subordinate status in colonial society.
Mestizos: Individuals of mixed Native American and European descent; faced discrimination and social limitations.
Mulattoes: Individuals of mixed African and European descent; similarly marginalized within colonial social structures.

Key Figures

Toussaint L'Ouverture: Led the Haitian slave revolt against French rule; became a national hero and figure of independence.
Miguel Hidalgo: Mexican priest who initiated the independence movement with a call to arms among Native Americans.
Jose Morelos: Took over the Mexican independence movement after Hidalgo’s death; aimed for significant reforms.
Simon Bolivar: Venezuelan leader who fought for South American independence from Spain and envisioned a unified nation.

Discontent Among Classes

Displeasure among Creoles due to their treated as second-class citizens.
Resistance from merchants against mercantilist policies limiting their economic freedom.
Tensions between Mestizos, Mulattoes, and the ruling classes due to systemic discrimination and lack of trust.

Notable Events

Haitian Independence: Sparked by a slave revolt in 1791; led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, ultimately leading to Haiti's freedom from France.
L'Ouverture’s leadership included military successes and national rebuilding efforts, though he was eventually captured by French forces.

Challenges to Leaders

Creoles' reluctance to support Hidalgo and Morelos stemmed from fears that revolutionary changes would diminish their power and privilege.
Bolivar aimed for both independence from Spain and the creation of a unified nation, which was only partially successful; independence achieved in several regions but unification efforts ultimately failed.

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Description

Explore the key concepts and events surrounding the Latin American Wars of Independence through these flashcards. Understand the role of Enlightenment ideas and the impact of revolutions in shaping independent nations across Latin America.