Questions and Answers
What was the market revolution?
What are turnpikes?
Toll roads authorized by Congress aimed at making transportation quicker.
What was the National Road?
A road authorized by Congress in 1806 that stretched from Cumberland, Maryland to the Old Northwest.
Who is Robert Fulton?
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When was the Erie Canal completed?
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Who oversaw the construction of the Erie Canal?
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What did the Illinois and Michigan Canal connect?
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What was the purpose of S.F.B. Morse's telegraph?
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What was the result of the Adams-Onis Treaty?
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What did the Cotton Kingdom refer to?
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Who invented the cotton gin?
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What is commercial farming?
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Who invented the steel plow?
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What was the reaper invented by Cyrus McCormick used for?
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Who established the first factory in America?
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What did the Boston Associates do?
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What was Lowell known for?
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What is the factory system?
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What was Eli Terry known for?
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What were mill girls?
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What did the Cunard Line do?
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What was the Great Famine?
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What is the 'German Triangle'?
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Who was Archbishop John Hughes?
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What is nativism?
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What role did the Democratic Party machine play?
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What is a corporation?
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What was the significance of Dartmouth College v. Woodward?
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What did Gibbons v. Ogden achieve?
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Who was Roger B. Taney?
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Study Notes
Market Revolution
- Transformed the U.S. economy in the early 19th century, significantly influencing transportation, communication, and agriculture.
- Primarily affected Northern states, with minimal impact on the Southern economy.
Turnpikes
- Toll roads established by Congress to enhance transportation speed and efficiency.
National Road
- Authorized in 1806, spanning from Cumberland, Maryland, to the Old Northwest, facilitating westward expansion.
Robert Fulton & Clermont
- Innovator of steamboats, demonstrating their feasibility by navigating the Hudson River, enabling upstream commerce.
Erie Canal
- Completed in 1825, this 363-mile canal linked the Great Lakes to New York City, boosting trade and agriculture.
- Oversight by Governor Dewitt Clinton, inspiring other states to invest in canal construction.
Dewitt Clinton
- New York Governor responsible for the successful construction and promotion of the Erie Canal.
Illinois and Michigan Canal
- Connected the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, fostering Chicago's growth into a major city.
Samuel F.B. Morse & Telegraph
- Revolutionized communication with the telegraph, utilizing Morse code; by 1850, 50,000 miles of telegraph wire were in place.
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
- Agreement whereby the U.S. acquired Florida from Spain, following its rebellion.
Cotton Kingdom
- Southern regions where cotton farming thrived due to the high demand, significantly facilitated by the invention of the cotton gin.
Eli Whitney & Cotton Gin
- Invented a machine that drastically sped up the process of separating cotton seeds, increasing efficiency by 40 times.
Commercial Farming
- Emerged following the cotton gin's invention, enabling farmers to cultivate large-scale operations.
John Deere & Steel Plow
- Invented in 1837, the steel plow made the cultivation of tough prairie soil easier, enhancing agricultural productivity.
Cyrus McCormick & Reaper
- Developed a horse-drawn machine in 1831 that significantly increased wheat harvest efficiency, tripling output from 1840 to 1860.
Samuel Slater
- Established the first American factory in 1790, recreating British textile machinery from memory, notably the spinning jenny.
Boston Associates & Waltham
- Founded the first large-scale American factory using power looms for cotton cloth in 1814, leading to a factory-based community.
Lowell, Massachusetts
- Home to over 52 mills employing around 10,000 workers, marking it as a significant industrial center in the early 19th century.
Factory System
- Production approach consolidating workers and machines in one location, leading to mass production capabilities.
Eli Terry & American System of Manufactures
- Introduced mass production of interchangeable parts, initially applied in clock manufacturing, enhancing local mechanical skills.
Mill Girls
- Young unmarried women who worked in early New England factories, organized under strict boarding conditions to convince families to support their work.
Cunard Line
- Affordable shipping service transporting immigrants from Britain to the U.S. in the 1840s, significantly increasing European immigration.
Great Famine (1845-51)
- Catastrophic famine in Ireland due to potato blight, resulting in over 1 million deaths and substantial emigration to the U.S.
"German Triangle"
- Cities of Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Milwaukee that attracted large German immigrant populations, fostering distinct German cultural enclaves.
Archbishop John Hughes
- Prominent Catholic figure in the 1840s and 1850s advocating for Catholic education and the establishment of parochial schools.
Nativism
- Movement favoring native-born citizens over immigrants, often blaming them for societal issues like crime and corruption.
Democratic Party Machine
- Political structure that integrated Irish immigrants into urban political systems.
Corporation
- Business model receiving charters from the government that limited investor liability for company debts, enabling economic expansion.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
- Supreme Court case defining charters as inviolable contracts, protecting corporate rights from legislative changes.
Gibbons v. Ogden
- Landmark ruling abolishing a steamboat monopoly, reinforcing federal authority in interstate commerce.
Roger B. Taney
- Supreme Court Justice who ruled in 1837 that state governments could not rescind existing corporate charters, emphasizing corporate contract rights.
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Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 9 of 'Give Me Liberty'. This quiz covers significant terms such as the market revolution and turnpikes that shaped early 19th century America. Dive into historical innovations in transportation and communication with these flashcards.