Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary cell type responsible for the initial defense against bacterial plaque in the gingival tissues?
What is the primary cell type responsible for the initial defense against bacterial plaque in the gingival tissues?
What is the main function of crevicular (gingival) fluid?
What is the main function of crevicular (gingival) fluid?
What is the role of saliva in maintaining oral health?
What is the role of saliva in maintaining oral health?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes gingivitis from periodontitis?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes gingivitis from periodontitis?
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What is the primary etiological factor in the pathogenesis of both dental caries and periodontal disease?
What is the primary etiological factor in the pathogenesis of both dental caries and periodontal disease?
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What is the main reason why the formation of pockets in periodontitis facilitates the growth of anaerobic microorganisms?
What is the main reason why the formation of pockets in periodontitis facilitates the growth of anaerobic microorganisms?
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What is the key factor that determines the resolution of gingivitis?
What is the key factor that determines the resolution of gingivitis?
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Which of these is NOT a feature of periodontitis?
Which of these is NOT a feature of periodontitis?
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What is the direct consequence of the apical migration of the junctional epithelium in periodontitis?
What is the direct consequence of the apical migration of the junctional epithelium in periodontitis?
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What is the normal depth of the gingival sulcus?
What is the normal depth of the gingival sulcus?
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What is the primary cause of gingivitis?
What is the primary cause of gingivitis?
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What is the correct definition of dental calculus?
What is the correct definition of dental calculus?
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What is the primary difference between gingivitis and periodontitis?
What is the primary difference between gingivitis and periodontitis?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of gingivitis?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of gingivitis?
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Which of the following conditions would be considered a contraindication for tooth extraction?
Which of the following conditions would be considered a contraindication for tooth extraction?
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What is the primary reason for using antifungal medications alongside antibiotics for HIV-positive patients?
What is the primary reason for using antifungal medications alongside antibiotics for HIV-positive patients?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a possible complication following tooth extraction?
Which of the following is NOT considered a possible complication following tooth extraction?
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What is the main reason for extracting a tooth that has undergone root canal therapy?
What is the main reason for extracting a tooth that has undergone root canal therapy?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for tooth extraction?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for tooth extraction?
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Which of the following is a common oral hygiene recommendation for preventing gingivitis?
Which of the following is a common oral hygiene recommendation for preventing gingivitis?
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Flashcards
Normal gingiva
Normal gingiva
Healthy gum tissue that is pink, firm, and stippled with papillae.
Free gingival
Free gingival
The part of the gum not attached to the tooth, including interdental papillae.
Attached gingiva
Attached gingiva
Gingiva firmly bound to the underlying teeth and bone, measuring 3mm-4mm.
Alveolar mucosa
Alveolar mucosa
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Defence mechanisms of oral cavity
Defence mechanisms of oral cavity
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Saliva role
Saliva role
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Crevicular fluid
Crevicular fluid
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
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Gingivitis development
Gingivitis development
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Periodontitis features
Periodontitis features
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Dental Plaque
Dental Plaque
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Dental Calculus
Dental Calculus
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Gingivitis
Gingivitis
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Periodontal Disease
Periodontal Disease
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Acute Gingivitis
Acute Gingivitis
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Tooth Extraction
Tooth Extraction
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Contraindications to Tooth Extraction
Contraindications to Tooth Extraction
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Complications of Dental Extraction
Complications of Dental Extraction
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Periodontitis
Periodontitis
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Oral Hygiene
Oral Hygiene
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Study Notes
Normal Gum Characteristics
- Healthy gums are pink, firm, and stippled, with well-defined papillae and gingival crevices.
- The gingival sulcus should be shallow and without exudates.
- Parts of normal gingiva include:
- Free gingiva (interdental papillae)
- Attached gingiva (3.0 mm – 4.00 mm, stippled surface)
- Alveolar mucosa (loosely attached to bone, refracting away from it)
Oral Cavity Defence Mechanisms
- Junctional epithelium is part of the defence, but offers limited protection against underlying connective tissue damage when plaque is present.
- Defence mechanisms include:
- Saliva (flushing action removes bacteria)
- Crevicular fluid (flushing action reduces bacterial colonization, increased production with inflammation)
- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs, first line of defence, vital to prevent/treat gingivitis, pocket formation, and periodontal disease progression)
Development of Gingivitis
- Related to plaque accumulation and inflammation
- Resolves with plaque removal
Periodontitis
- Inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues
- Features include:
- Loss of connective tissue attachment to the root surface
- Cementum exposure
- Apical migration of junctional epithelium (gingival recession/pocket formation)
- Alveolar bone loss
- Increased tooth mobility
- Plaque colonization on root surfaces and necrotic cementum
- Pocket environment facilitates anaerobic microorganism growth
Plaque
- Major etiological factor in dental caries and periodontal disease
- Bacterial aggregation on teeth and other solid structures
- Difficult to identify with the naked eye unless thick enough to appear yellowish at the gingival margin
Calculus
- Hard, calcified deposit on teeth
- Classified by location relative to the marginal gingiva (supra or sub gingival)
Gingivitis
- Inflammatory lesion of marginal gingiva
- Caused by bacterial plaque accumulation
- Clinical features:
- Redness
- Bleeding
- Gum oedema
- Gum tenderness
Oral Hygiene and Treatment
- Plaque control, oral hygiene, and measures like oraldine mouthwash are crucial treatments for gingivitis.
- Antibiotics may also be administered.
Periodontum
- Supporting apparatus of the teeth, including gums, alveolar bone, gingiva tissues, ligaments, blood vessels, periodontal space, root, and cementum.
- Periods of oral health are essential for the maintenance of a healthy periodontum.
Periodontal Disease Classification
- Gingivitis:
- Acute
- Chronic
- Juvenile
- Rapidly progressive
- Chronic (adult)
- Refractory
- Periodontitis:
- Acute
- Chronic (Apical, marginal)
- Dystrophic conditions:
- Hyperplastic
- Atrophic
- Degenerative
Severe Marginal Periodontal Diseases
- Signs of severe diseases
- Impacted, mal-erupted, misplaced, or extra teeth
- Fractured teeth, root, or loosened teeth
- Severe cases may require radical surgery or preparation for radiotherapy
Modification for HIV Patients
- Use of antibiotics/chemotherapeutics can promote opportunistic microorganisms
- Alternative measures include: Chlorhexidine mouthwash, Amphotercine lozenges, Nystatine, and combined administration of antibiotics and antifungal drugs.
Tooth Extraction
- Removal of a tooth from its socket with instruments.
- Indications include:
- Hopelessly diseased teeth
- Acute/chronic pulpitis, necrosis or gangrene when root canal treatment is impossible
- Apical periodontitis
- Retained roots or primary teeth
- Contraindications are relative and involve a multidisciplinary approach to treatment in regards to systemic conditions.
- Cardiovascular issues (acute)
- Liver, kidney, or pancreatic diseases
- Blood disorders
- Acute infectious diseases
- Nervous system conditions
- Psychological illness (acute phase)
- Oral cavity diseases
- Acute febrile illnesses
- Complications (local):
- Tooth fracture
- Jaw fracture
- Soft tissue damage
- Maxillary sinus penetration
- Excessive bleeding
- Dry socket
- Root loss in the maxillary sinus
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Description
This quiz explores the characteristics of normal gums, highlighting the key components of healthy gingiva and the oral cavity's defence mechanisms. It also covers the development of gingivitis related to plaque accumulation. Test your knowledge on gum health and periodontal disease prevention.