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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' stuth gineatach a tha ann an uile chreutairean beò?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' stuth gineatach a tha ann an uile chreutairean beò?
DNA
Dè a’ phrìomh structar a tha a’ giùlan an stuth gineatach ann an ceallan eucaryotic?
Dè a’ phrìomh structar a tha a’ giùlan an stuth gineatach ann an ceallan eucaryotic?
Chromosomes
Dè a’ phrìomh structar a lorgar aig a’ cheann de gach chromosome?
Dè a’ phrìomh structar a lorgar aig a’ cheann de gach chromosome?
Tha chromosomes an-còmhnaidh air an dèanamh suas de dhà chromatidean.
Tha chromosomes an-còmhnaidh air an dèanamh suas de dhà chromatidean.
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Ciod an seòrsa chromosome a tha a’ nochdadh centromere aig a’ mheadhan, agus a tha a’ dèanamh dà armachd co-ionnan?
Ciod an seòrsa chromosome a tha a’ nochdadh centromere aig a’ mheadhan, agus a tha a’ dèanamh dà armachd co-ionnan?
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air an t-suidheachadh nuair a bhios dà chromag co-ionnan a’ tighinn còmhla?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air an t-suidheachadh nuair a bhios dà chromag co-ionnan a’ tighinn còmhla?
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Dè an t-ainm a th' air a' phròiseas far a bheil pàirtean de dhà chromag co-ionnan air an iomlaid?
Dè an t-ainm a th' air a' phròiseas far a bheil pàirtean de dhà chromag co-ionnan air an iomlaid?
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Ciod an seòrsa chromosome a tha an-còmhnaidh a’ nochdadh centromere faisg air a’ cheann, a’ toirt a-mach dà armachd nach eil co-ionnan?
Ciod an seòrsa chromosome a tha an-còmhnaidh a’ nochdadh centromere faisg air a’ cheann, a’ toirt a-mach dà armachd nach eil co-ionnan?
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Tha chromosomes metacentric air an dèanamh suas de aon armachd a-mhàin.
Tha chromosomes metacentric air an dèanamh suas de aon armachd a-mhàin.
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phròiseas a tha a' toirt a-mach dà chealla ùr bho chealla aon?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phròiseas a tha a' toirt a-mach dà chealla ùr bho chealla aon?
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phròiseas far a bheil dà chealla ùr a’ tighinn a-mach bho chealla aon, agus a tha a 'toirt a-mach an aon àireamh chromosomes anns gach cealla ùr?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phròiseas far a bheil dà chealla ùr a’ tighinn a-mach bho chealla aon, agus a tha a 'toirt a-mach an aon àireamh chromosomes anns gach cealla ùr?
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Tha interphase a’ toirt a-steach dìreach an S-phàsa.
Tha interphase a’ toirt a-steach dìreach an S-phàsa.
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phàirt de interphase far a bheil an DNA air a dhèanamh leth?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phàirt de interphase far a bheil an DNA air a dhèanamh leth?
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phàirt de interphase far a bheil a' chealla a' fàs agus a’ tòiseachadh air a bhith deiseil airson cell division?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phàirt de interphase far a bheil a' chealla a' fàs agus a’ tòiseachadh air a bhith deiseil airson cell division?
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phròiseas far a bheil dà chealla ùr a’ tighinn a-mach bho chealla aon, agus a tha a 'toirt a-mach leth den àireamh chromosomes anns gach cealla ùr?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phròiseas far a bheil dà chealla ùr a’ tighinn a-mach bho chealla aon, agus a tha a 'toirt a-mach leth den àireamh chromosomes anns gach cealla ùr?
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Tha meiosis air a dhèanamh suas de dhà phàirt.
Tha meiosis air a dhèanamh suas de dhà phàirt.
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air am pàirt de meiosis far a bheil dà chromag co-ionnan a’ tighinn còmhla?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air am pàirt de meiosis far a bheil dà chromag co-ionnan a’ tighinn còmhla?
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Tha crossing over a’ tachairt aig àm pachytene.
Tha crossing over a’ tachairt aig àm pachytene.
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phàirt de meiosis far a bheil dà chromag co-ionnan a’ tòiseachadh air a bhith a’ sgaradh bho chèile?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phàirt de meiosis far a bheil dà chromag co-ionnan a’ tòiseachadh air a bhith a’ sgaradh bho chèile?
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phàirt de meiosis far am bi an DNA a’ gluasad gu na pòlaichean?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phàirt de meiosis far am bi an DNA a’ gluasad gu na pòlaichean?
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Tha meiosis a’ toirt a-mach leth den àireamh chromosomes anns gach cealla a’s a’ phàrant.
Tha meiosis a’ toirt a-mach leth den àireamh chromosomes anns gach cealla a’s a’ phàrant.
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phròiseas a tha a’ toirt a-mach an DNA?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a' phròiseas a tha a’ toirt a-mach an DNA?
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Ciod an seòrsa replication far a bheil gach cealla ùr a’ faighinn aon chromag bho chealla a’ phàrant?
Ciod an seòrsa replication far a bheil gach cealla ùr a’ faighinn aon chromag bho chealla a’ phàrant?
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Tha an DNA air a dhèanamh suas de dhà shreath de nucleotides.
Tha an DNA air a dhèanamh suas de dhà shreath de nucleotides.
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air na ceithir bonn hidrigin a tha a’ dèanamh suas an DNA?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air na ceithir bonn hidrigin a tha a’ dèanamh suas an DNA?
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Tha adenine ceangailte gu cytosine le dà bhonn hidrigin.
Tha adenine ceangailte gu cytosine le dà bhonn hidrigin.
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Ciod an structar a th' air an DNA?
Ciod an structar a th' air an DNA?
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Tha feartan an DNA air an atharrachadh gu mòr a rèir a' chuain-fhàsainn.
Tha feartan an DNA air an atharrachadh gu mòr a rèir a' chuain-fhàsainn.
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Ciod an ainm a th' air atharrachaidhean ann an structar no àireamh chromosomes?
Ciod an ainm a th' air atharrachaidhean ann an structar no àireamh chromosomes?
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Faodaidh chromosome aberrations a bhith air an cruthachadh gu nàdarra no air an adhbhrachadh le factaran taobh a-muigh.
Faodaidh chromosome aberrations a bhith air an cruthachadh gu nàdarra no air an adhbhrachadh le factaran taobh a-muigh.
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phròiseas far a bheil leth de chromosome air a dhubhadh às?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phròiseas far a bheil leth de chromosome air a dhubhadh às?
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phròiseas far am bi leth de chromosome air a dhèanamh leth?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phròiseas far am bi leth de chromosome air a dhèanamh leth?
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phròiseas far am bi leth de chromosome air a thionndadh timcheall?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phròiseas far am bi leth de chromosome air a thionndadh timcheall?
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phròiseas far a bheil pàirt de chromosome air a ghluasad gu chromosome eile?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air a’ phròiseas far a bheil pàirt de chromosome air a ghluasad gu chromosome eile?
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air an staid far a bheil còrr is dà sheata de chromosomes ann an cealla?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air an staid far a bheil còrr is dà sheata de chromosomes ann an cealla?
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Tha aneuploidy a’ tachairt nuair a tha àireamh neo-àbhaisteach de chromosomes ann an cealla.
Tha aneuploidy a’ tachairt nuair a tha àireamh neo-àbhaisteach de chromosomes ann an cealla.
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air cealla a tha a’ toirt a-mach na feartan aige tro na chromosomes?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air cealla a tha a’ toirt a-mach na feartan aige tro na chromosomes?
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air cealla a tha a’ toirt a-mach na feartan aige tro an cytoplasm?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air cealla a tha a’ toirt a-mach na feartan aige tro an cytoplasm?
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Tha cytoplasmic inheritance a’ toirt a-mach a-mhàin bho a’ phàrant boireann.
Tha cytoplasmic inheritance a’ toirt a-mach a-mhàin bho a’ phàrant boireann.
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Ciod an t-ainm a th' air an t-suidheachadh far am bi ceallan a’ dèanamh cinnteach gu bheil an aon àireamh de chromosomes anns gach cealla ùr?
Ciod an t-ainm a th' air an t-suidheachadh far am bi ceallan a’ dèanamh cinnteach gu bheil an aon àireamh de chromosomes anns gach cealla ùr?
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Study Notes
Nuclear & Cytoplasmic Genetics
- Tha genetic material of all living things, bacteria and eukaryotes is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- DNA is also genetic material in many viruses that infect both bacteria and eukaryotes
- Some viruses have RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material.
- Eukaryotes have DNA mainly within the nucleus
- DNA in the nucleus is complexed with protein and is organized into linear structures called chromosomes.
- Chromosomes are visible under microscopes after staining.
- Each eukaryotic chromosome has a single DNA molecule from one end to the other.
- Bacterial DNA is usually organized into a single circular chromosome with few associated proteins.
- Chromosomes consist of two chromatids connected by a primary constriction (centromere) or kinetochore
- The kinetochore is a protein structure located at the centromere, which is involved in chromosome movement during cell division.
- The ends of the chromosomes are called telomeres.
- Chromosomes contain chromonemata that have granules called chromomeres carrying genetic material.
List of Contents
- Chromosomes: Page 1
- The Life cycle: Page 8
- Cell division: Page 10
- Chemical composition of DNA: Page 21
- Chromosome aberrations: Page 33
Chromosomes and Cell Division
- Genetic material, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is DNA.
- Prokaryotes' genetic material is usually within the cell, while eukaryotes have most of their genetic material within the nucleus.
- Chromosomes are made up of a single molecule of DNA.
- The position of the centromere varies among chromosomes
- Telomeres are the ends of the chromosome
Types of Chromosomes
- Metacentric: The centromere is in the middle, producing arms of nearly equal length, and they appear V-shaped during anaphase.
- Submetacentric: The centromere is situated closer to the middle, creating arms of unequal length.
- Subtelocentric: The centromere is close to one end, producing one long arm and one short arm
- Telocentric: The centromere is located at the end of the chromosome, which consist of a single arm.
Giant Chromosomes
- In certain tissues of some organisms, chromosomes may be significantly larger than typical chromosomes.
- Examples of these giant chromosomes include lampbrush chromosomes found in vertebrate oocytes and polytene chromosomes found in Drosophila salivary glands.
Polytene Chromosomes
- These chromosomes are much larger and thicker than normal chromosomes.
- They are found in the salivary glands of fruit flies (Drosophila).
- The DNA replicates repeatedly without the chromosome dividing, creating multiple copies of the same DNA molecule.
- The resulting chromosome has many identical DNA strands lying side-by-side.
Lampbrush Chromosomes
- These types of giant chromosomes are found in the oocytes of many vertebrate species, including amphibians, reptiles, fish, and birds.
- They are considerably larger than typical chromosomes.
- These chromosomes are characterized by a main axis made of four chromatids, which form many loops consisting of RNA and proteins along their lateral sides.
The Cell Cycle
- Cells grow and undergo division in a cyclical process called the cell cycle.
- The cell cycle involves three key stages: G1, S, and G2, collectively called interphase.
- Mitosis is when the cell divides its chromosomes and DNA
Cell Division (Mitosis)
- Mitosis is a process of cell duplication where the nucleus of a cell divides into two identical nuclei.
- It involves four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Meiosis
- Meiosis is the process of cell division involved in sexual reproduction.
- There are two consecutive divisions during meiosis, these are called meiosis I and meiosis II.
- The chromosome number is reduced by half during this process.
- Meiosis produces four daughter cells.
- Meiosis results in genetic variation due to recombination through crossing-over.
- Meiosis I and Meiosis II stages are comprised of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase stages.
Chemical Composition of DNA
- DNA is made up of nucleotides.
- Each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a cyclic nitrogenous base.
- The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose
- The DNA bases are adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C).
- Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
- DNA is usually found as a double helix.
DNA Double Helix
- Watson and Crick discovered the DNA double-helix structure in 1953.
Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomal aberrations are structural changes in chromosomes.
- They can occur spontaneously or be induced by factors like radiation or chemicals.
- The changes can involve deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.
Polyploidy
- Polyploidy happens when an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
- Types include autopolyploids (same genomes duplicated) and allopolyploids (different genomes).
- Polyploidy is common in plants but less frequent in animals, often causing increased size or vitality.
Aneuploidy
- Aneuploidy describes a condition where a cell or organism has an abnormal number of chromosomes, not a multiple of the haploid number for that species.
- This can happen due to errors during meiosis and result in monosomy, nullosomy, trisomy, or tetrasomy.
Cytoplasmic Transmission
- Cytoplasmic traits are passed on through the maternal lineage and are not influenced by the paternal lineage.
- These traits are encoded in the DNA of different organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts
- Chloroplasts possess larger genomes than mitochondria.
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Description
Tha an quiz seo a' còmhdach gneòlas cèitean agus gneòlas cèitil ann an gnèithean beò. A' toirt aire do dh' DNA agus RNA, a' cleachdadh chromosom no cèitean. Faodaidh luchd-dèanaidh faighinn a-mach mu mar a tha na h-euslaintich sin a' obrachadh agus mar a tha iad air an roinn ann an eukaryotes agus bacteria.
