Ғимарат құрылыс элементтері

Building Construction Elements

• Supporting elements: Bear loads & transfer them to the foundation (e.g., walls, columns, beams, frames).
• Enclosing elements: Protect the building from external forces and elements (e.g., walls, partitions, cladding).
• Types of Elements: Structural, supporting, enclosing, composite, cast.

Basement Level

• Definition: Level or more than half buried below ground.
• Purpose: Storage, utilities, sometimes living space.
• Features: Significant portion below ground level.

Ground Level or Plinth Level

• Definition: Level whose floor is less than half a room height below the ground level.
• Purpose: Often part of the first floor but may be below ground level.
• Features: Directly connected with the ground level.

Above-Ground Level

• Definition: Level entirely above ground level.
• Purpose: Living spaces, utility spaces.
• Features: Fully above ground level.

Roof Level

• Definition: Level between the roof and attic.
• Purpose: Can be living space or storage.
• Features: Located within the roof space.

Building Components

• Building definition: Man-made structure with enclosed space for various activities.
• Key elements: Foundation, structural elements, partitions, walls, beams, roof support, flooring, windows, and doors.
• Building classification: Residential & industrial, based on purpose, height.

Loads and Influences

• Structural Elements' Role: Supporting and transferring loads to the foundation.
• External Loads: Wind, snow, seismic activity, loads from the building's own weight.
• Internal Loads: Loads from occupants, furniture, appliances, equipment.

Building Enclosing Elements

• Function: Protect the building's internal environment from external weather conditions, noise, & other hazards.

Structural Elements

• Components: Foundation, columns, beams, walls, frameworks, roofing materials, and cladding.
• Types of Walls: Supporting, non-supporting, partitions (internal walls).

Foundation Definition

• Function: Receives loads from the building and transmits them into the ground.

Foundation Types

• Types: Solid, strip, columnar, pile.

Slab Definition

• Function: Horizontal structural component that separates floors or levels.

Slab Types

• Types: Inter-floor, roof, basement floor.

Partitions

• Definition: Internal walls that subdivide spaces within a building.

Stairs

• Definition: Inclined stairways with steps.

Window Blocks

• Components: Frames and window sashes.

Windows

• Definition: Light & ventilation openings.

Vitrage (Windows)

• Definition: Large openings.

Building Frames

• Function: Systems that transfer loads to the foundation.

Building Classification

• Classification: Residential, commercial, industrial, public.

Building Classification by Heights

• Classification: Low-rise (low-story), middle-rise (medium-story), high-rise, (extra high-rise).

Basic Building Requirements

• Requirements: Functionality, reliability, comfort, and economy.

Standardization (Typification)

• Definition: Predefined structural solutions useful for multiple building constructions.

Basic Modules

• Module size (M): Standard construction module.

Span

• Definition: Distance between structural supports (columns or walls).

Roof Structures

• Purpose: Protection from weather.

Building Types (By Purpose)

• Types: Residential, public, industrial.

Insolation

• Definition: Exposure of the object to direct sunlight.

Gutter/Waterproofing

• Purpose: Protects the building's foundation/plinth from water runoff, drainage.

Roof Systems

• Purpose: To make the roof weatherproof, strong enough to bear snow and wind loads, and aesthetically pleasing.

Building Frame Types

• Types: Framed, un-framed, hybrid.

Foundation under External Walls

• Type: Usually strip (also known as 'band' or 'continuous')

Attic or Mansard

• Definition: Space above the roof's upper structure.

Building Components - Excluded from Frame

• Excluded: Windows, doors, partitions

Building Components - Included in Frame

• Included: Foundation, walls, columns, beams, floor systems, roof systems.

Stairs - Types

• Types: Main, roof, basement, emergency, fire escape, entrance.

Beams

• Definition: Horizontal structural elements

Building Types by Purpose

• Residential: Flats/Apartments, dormitories, guest houses
• Public: Schools, hospitals, cultural centers, commercial.

Public Building Types

• Types: Educational institutions, healthcare, cultural centers, trade, utilities, government.

Building Floor Plans

• Types: Corridors, halls, clustered.

Building Elements

• Elements (Performing supporting & enclosing functions): External & internal load-bearing walls, columns, foundation, partitions.

Foundation Function

• Function: Receive external loads from a building structure and transmit them to the ground below.

Roof Function

• Function: Protection from elements (weather, snow, rain).

Windows Function

• Function: Light & ventilation.

Drainage Systems

• Types: Gutters, pipes

Room Definition

• Definition: Enclosed space within a building.

Volumetric-Plan Elements

• Definition: Large parts dividing the building's volume.

Building Requirements

• Requirements: Functionality, structural stability, comfort, and economic efficiency

Unit Modules

• Purpose: Unification for economic and technical benefits using standard building elements.

Water Consumption

• Factors: Level of accommodation and climate.

Heat Transfer

• Methods: Conduction, convection, & radiation.

Heat Transfer Driver

• Driver: Temperature difference.

Water Sources

• Types: Surface (rivers, lakes, reservoirs), underground (wells).

Room Comfort Factors

• Comfort: Related to temperature, air humidity, air movement.

Exterior Pipeline Dimension

• Minimum Dimension/Diameter: Varies

Air Movement

• Effects: On heat transfer (convection).

Comfortable Indoor Temperature Range

• Temperature: 18°C-22°C.

Moisture Influencing Structures

• Reason: Because walls are absorbing water from outside, causing moisture build-up.

Condensation as a Process

• Definition: Transformation of vapour to liquid.

Sewer Systems

• Devices: Inspection pipes (check holes), cleaning tools (pumps).

Infiltration in Winter

• Reason: Lowering of temperatures and causing moisture in the structure

Water Characteristics

• Factors: pH, turbidity, hardness, chroma, and temperature.

Maximum Heat Capacity of Liquid

• Maximum capacity (for carrying heat): Water.

Biological Sewer Treatment

• Structures: Aerotanks, filters

Thermal Capacity

• Definition: Heat required to increase the temperature of a body.

Internal Water Supply Pipes

• Connections: To external systems via inlets.

Pipe Velocity (Optimal)

• Optimal Values: 0.9-1.2 m/s.

Water Meter

• Key Characteristic: Accuracy

Preventing Pipe Condensation/Water Leakage

• Prevention Methods: Insulation, ventilation.

Heat Loss in Buildings

• Maximum Loss Time: When ambient temperatures are lowest

Inspection & Cleaning Distances

• Distance from structure (for inspection/cleaning): Varies (based on pipe diameter).

Specific Building Heat Capacity

• Definition: Heat needed to change a building's temperature.

Building Heating System

• Function: Maintains a steady temperature.

Water Consumption Norms

• **Norms (per resident) ** : Varies

Heating System Temperature

• Consistency: Maintains consistent temperature.

Heating Calculation Temperature

• Temperature: Average of coldest days during the heating season.

Inspection Well Location

• Distance from structure's boundaries: Generally 1-1.5 m.

Relative Humidity

• Definition: Ratio of actual water vapor to maximum water vapor at a specific temperature & pressure.

Air Delivery Zones

• Most effective air delivery location. Targeted to the working zone of a building.

Sewer Systems in Homes

• Types: Usually domestic (in residential buildings.

Air Exchanges in Buildings

• Factors: Effectiveness of ventilation system, overall air circulation scheme.

Material for External Pipe Inlet

• Material: Corrosion-resistant

Fire Protection Pipe Requirements

• Characteristics: Specific requirements.

Fire Hydrant Height

• Height: 1.35 m.

Parallel Heating Systems

• Purpose Increased air volume heating performance.

Mandatory Sewer System Components

• Critical Element: Traps (siphons)

Hydraulic Shock Causes

• Causes: Sudden shutdown of pumps feeding liquids.Sudden valve closure on pipes..

Workplace/Work Area

• Definition: 2m from the floor.

Indoor Air Quality Control

• Parametters: Temperature, humidity level, and airflow rate.

Inspection well distance

• Distance: close to the structure

Relative Humidity

• Definition: Ratio of actual water vapor content to the maximum water vapor content possible at a given temperature.

Effective Heating Strategies

• Optimal Zone: Primarily focused on the occupied zones of a building.

Building Drainage

• Categories: Domestic

Building Ventilation

• Factors: Effective design of ventilation systems.

Water Supply Pipe Material

• Types Corrosion resistant materials.

Building Height

• Height requirement (for specific requirements): 12+ stories.

Fire Hose Height-Requirement

• Height: 1.35 m.

Heating Fan Arrangement

• Arrangement: Usually parallel arrangement.

Essential Sewer Component

• Critical Element: Traps.

Heating Systems' Material

• Optimal Thermal Properties: Water.

Water Meter Sizing

• Factors: Design flow rates (speed).

Water Elevators

• Function: A mixing device.

Regulated Pressure

• Regulation Source: Local water utility

Water Elevator Mechanism

• Principle: Dynamic energy conversion into hydraulic pressure.

Siphons/Plumbing Traps

• Function: To prevent sewer gas from entering the home during drain and vent systems.

Hydraulic Hammer Conditions

• ** Conditions**: Sudden changes in flow, quick valve closures.

Work Zones

• Definition: 2 meters from the floor, 2 m above floor level.

Indoor Air Parameters

• Parameters (to optimize): Temperature, relative humidity, air speed.

Inspection Well Distances

• Location Consideration: Typically within 1-1.5 meters of the building's boundaries.

Relative Humidity (Further Detail)

• Definition: Expresses the ratio between existing water vapour in the air and the maximum amount of water vapour that could be present in air at this temperature.

Targeted Heating Areas

• Optimized Location of Heat Delivery: Primarily aimed at occupied building spaces.

Sewer System Types

• Categories: Domestic.

Ventilation Impact

• Determining Factor: Overall ventilation system design and efficiency.

External Water Supply Pipelines Material

• Material: Corrosion-resistant

Building Story Count

• Requirements: The type of building is a major factor that controls minimum story count for specific fire safety designs.

Fire Sprinkler Head Installation Height

• Height: 1.35 m.

Fan Arrangement

• Strategy: Helps to improve the amount of air circulated to provide better heating performance.

Necessary Sewer Component

• Component: Traps

Thermal Properties of Suitable Liquids

• Optimal properties: Water, because it has very high capacity, thus easily absorbs heat.

Water Meter Size

• ** Factors**: Calculated flow rate and water meter type.

Hydraulic Elevator Function

• Purpose: Mixes and distributes water to heating systems.

Pressure Parameters

• Source of regulated pressures: Local water authorities/utilities.

Hydraulic Elevator Principles

• Mechanism: Energy conversion and pressure distribution

Plumbing Trap Purpose

• **Function:**Preventing sewer gas from entering an occupied space, within drains.

Hydraulic Hammer Triggers

• Conditions: Swift variations in fluid flow rates.

Work Zone Definition

• Definition: The volume within 2 meters of the floor level.

Indoor Air Environment Considerations

• Parametters: Temperature, relative humidity, and airflow rate are key factors.

Inspection Pit Proximity

• Location: Within 1 - 1.5 meters of building boundaries.

Relative Humidity Calculation

• Calculation: Determined by comparing vapor pressure of water in the air with maximum possible vapor pressure in air at the same temperature.

Specific Heating Areas

• Localized Heating: Targeted heat delivery to areas where people spend most time.

Indoor Drainage Systems

• System Types: Domestic plumbing systems